Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 3: Perception & Learning - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 3: Perception & Learning
Introduction to perception
Definition: The process of receiving information about & making sense of the world around us
decide which info to notice
how to categorize this info
how to interpret info within our existing knowledge framework
Perceptual process
1. Environmental stimuli
2. Selective attention
- attending to some info received by our senses & ignoring other info. (Objects characteristics, perceiver characteristics, confirmation bias)
3. Organization & Interpretation
4. Attitudes & behavior
Social Identity Theory
Categorization process
compare characteristics of our groups with other group
Homogenization process
similar traits within a group; different traits across groups
Differentiation process
develop less favourable images of people in groups other than our own
Stereotyping in Organizational Settings
assigning traits to people based on their membership in a social category
occurs because categorical thinking
innate drive to understand & anticipate others' behaviour
enhances our self-concept
Issues
Stereotyping problems
Overgeneralizes - doesnt represent everyone in the category
Basis of systemic & intentional discrimination
Overcoming stereotype biases
Difficult to prevent stereotype activation
possible to minimize stereotype application
Attribution Theory
the process of deciding whether an observed behavior or event is caused largely by the person (internal factors) or the environment (external factors)
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
occurs when our expectations about another person cause that person to act in a way that is consistent with those expectations
perceptions can influence reality
Other Perceptual Error
1. Halo Effect
one trait forms a general impression
2. Primary Effect
first impressions
3. Recency Effect
most recent info dominates perceptions
4. False-consensus effect/similar-to-me effect
overestimate the extent to which others have beliefs & characteristics similar to our own
everyone does it
Strategies to Improve Perception
1. Awareness of perceptual biases
2. Improving self-awareness
3. Meaningful interaction
Introduction to Learning
Definition
: a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of a person's interaction with the environment
Learning in Organizations
1. Learning Explicit Knowledge
knowledge that can be written down & given to other
2. Learning Tacit Knowledge
knowledge is not documented, embedded in our actions & ways of thinking, & transmitted only thru observation & experience
3 perspective of learning tacit & explicit knowledge:
1. Reinforcement
2. Social Learning
3. Direct experience
3 Perspectives of Learning
Behavior modification
Problems
reward inflation
behaviorist philosophy vs. learning through mental processes
Social Learning Theory
1. Behavioral modeling
- observing & modeling behavior of others
2. Learning behavior consequences
- observing consequences that others experience
3. Self-reinforcement
reinforcing our own behavior with consequences within our control
Experiential learning
Steps
engagement with environment
reflecting on experience
experimenting
