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Chapter 2: Individual Behavior, Personality & Values - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 2: Individual Behavior, Personality & Values
MARS Model of Individual Behavior & Results
- explain why people behave the way they do & perform well or poorly in the workplace
- starting point to understand the drivers of individuals behavior & results
- a combined effects on individual performance
- any factor weakens, the performance will decrease
M : Motivation
- goal-directed
- internal forces that affect a person's voluntary choice of behavior: direction, intensify, persistence
A : Ability
- natural aptitudes & learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task
- competencies : personal characteristics that lead to superior performance
- person: job matching (selecting, developing, redesigning)
R : Role Perceptions
- beliefs about what behaviour is required to achieve the desired results
- desired results: understanding what tasks to perform, understanding relative importance of tasks (priorities), understanding preferred behaviors to accomplish tasks
S : Situational Factors
- environmental conditions beyond the individual's short-term control that constrain or facilitate behavior
- time, people, budget, work facilities
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Values in the Workplace
- stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences
- define right or wrong, good or bad
- value system : hierarchy of values
10 Types of values
('Schwartz Value)
- super-grouping
1. Openness to change : motivation to pursue innovative ways (Stimulation, self-direction & some hedonism)
2. Self-enhancement : motivated by self-interest (Achievement, power & some hedonism)
3. Conservation : motivation to preserve the status quo (Security, tradition & conformity)
4. Self-transcendence : motivation to promote welfare of others & nature (Universalism & benevolence)
1. Power
- takes value from social status & prestige
- able to control others
- will be active through dominance of others & control over resources
2. Achievement
- comes from setting goals and then achieving them
- more challenge, the greater the sense of achievement
- when others have achieved the same thing, status is reduced & greater goals are sought
3. Hedonism
- enjoy ourselves
- seek pleasure above all things
- may sink into debauchery
4. Stimulation
- the need for stimulation is close to hedonism though the goal is slightly different
- pleasure here comes more specifically from excitement & thrills & a person with this driver is more likely to be found doing extreme sports that propping up a bar
5. Self-direction
- Independent
- freedom
- creative, artistic
6. Universalism
- seeks social justice & tolerance for all
- promote peace & equality
7. Benevolence
- very giving, seeking to help others & provide general welfare
8. Tradition
- preserve the original sense
- do not like changes
9. Conformity
- seeks obedience to clear, rules & structures
- gain a sense of control through doing what they are told and conforming to agreed laws & statutes
10. Security
- seek health & safety to a greater degree that other people
-
Value Congruence
- where two or more entities have similar values systems
Problems
- Incompatible decisions
- lower satisfaction/loyalty
- higher stress & turnover
Benefits
- better decision making (diverse perspectives)
- avoids "corporate cults"
3 ethical principles
1. Utilitarianism/consequential principle
- greatest good for the greatest number of people
2. Individual rights
- Fundamental entitlements in society
3. Distributive Justice
- People who are similar should receive similar benefits