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Causative Variables in Second Language Acquisition, Causative Variables in…
Causative Variables in Second Language Acquisition
Is Language teaching helpful?
NO
Students had a rich source of comprehensible input outside the classroom,
They were competent enough in the second language to be able to take advantage of it
Study Evidences
:
Fathaman (1975) - Children - Intermediate - Classes(public school), playground.
Hale an Budar (1970) - Adolescents - Beginner to intermediate - Classes in English, playground, possible interlanguage interactions
Upshur (1968): Adult in ESL University - Intermediate - Classes and seminars given in English, informal environment available.
Mason (1971) - Adult ESL university - Adult - Course work in English, Informal environment
YES
When it is the main source of cognitive filter.
Beginners who do not have environment outside the class
Study Evidence:
Briere (1978) - Native American children - Beginner level - no outside environment, promotoria is the main source of Spanish
Krashen et. al (1978)- "Extension" University students - Beginning to Intermediate level - Do not use of English in daily life
Chihara and Oller (1978): Adult Japanese learners - Beginning to intermediate level - Foreign language situation within the little use of English Outside the class
Exposure Variables
Length of Residence
(LOR)
Supporting Study Evidences
:
(Linguistic environment with Comprehensible Input - LE with CI )
Fathman(1975) - Children; LOR=1-3 years - LE with CI: Public School/Playground
Walberd et al. (1978) - Children - 0-12 years - LE with CI: Public School/Playground
Murakami (1980) - Adults - LOR: not reported - LE with CI: Full-time university
Oller et al. (1980) - Adults - LOR: not reported - LE with CI: Full-time university
Caroll (1967) - Adults - LOR: 1yr/summer - LE with CI: Junior year abroad
Study Evidences showing weak relationship between LOR and SLA
Ekstrand (1976) - Children - LOR:10.4 months - LE with CI: public School/Playground
Krashen et al. (1978) - Adults - LOR: 4 years - LE with CI: variable, little, not necessary
Chihara and Oller(1978) - Adults - LOR: Not reported - LE with CI: Travel abroad, not nececssarily
Age
Krashen et al. (1978) reviewed various empirical studies and derived at the following evidences:
Adults proceed through the early stages of second language development faster than children do (where time and exposure are held constant).
Older children acquire faster than younger children, time and exposure held constant.
Acquirers who begin natural exposure to second languages during childhood generally achieve higher second language proficiency than those beginning as adults.
Aculturation
Schumann's Acculturation Hypothesis
Schumann (1978 b) says:
Acculturation is the major casual variable in SLA
Second language acquisition is just one aspect of acculturation, and the degree to which the learner acculturates to the target language group will control the degree to which he acquires the target language
Supporting Studies:
Heidelberg project
SLA and pidgitization-decreolization continuum based on Alberto, a Spanish speaking adult
Stauble(1978)
Conclusion:
Acculturation (necessary) --> Low filter/Comp. input --> pidgitization-decreolization
Acculturation (not necessary) --> Low filter/Comp. input --> SLA
The learner is socially integrated with the TL group and, as a result, develops sufficient contact with TL speakers to enable him to acquire the TL.
Causative variables
Comprehensible Learning Input
Strength of the
affective filter
Causative Variables in Second Language Acquisition