Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
What Is Language? - Coggle Diagram
What Is Language?
What Is Grammar?
We use the term “grammar” with a systematic ambiguity. On the one hand, the term refers to the explicit theory constructed by the linguist and proposed as a description of the speaker’s competence. On the other hand, it refers to this competence itself.
Descriptive Grammars
Approach to grammar that is concerned with describing the use of language by native or non-native speakers without reference to proposed norms of correctness or advocacy of rules based on such norms.
Takes the principle that the language usage can vary according to varied speakers. Thus it does not consider what is "correct"
-
Prescriptive Grammars
Approach to grammar that is concerned with establishing norms of correct and incorrect usage and formulating rules based on these norms to be followed by users of the language.
Takes the principle that the long existed grammar rules created by the native speakers are the 'correct', and the variations are 'incorrect'
-
Teaching Grammars
• Teaching grammars can be helpful to people who do not speak the standard or prestige dialect, but find it would be advantageous socially and economically to do so.
• Teaching grammars assume that the student already knows one language and compares the grammar of the target language with the grammar of the native language.
• The rules about how to put words together to form grammatical sentences also refer to the learners’ knowledge of their native language.
Universal Grammar
Chomsky suggested that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language. Therefore, all languages have a common structural basis.
This theory as knowledge that people are born with. Basically skill of language people already have without being thought.
-
-
Knowledge of words
If you do not know the language, the relationship between the speech sounds and the meanings are arbitrary
-
Onomatopoeic words such as buzz and murmur imitate the sounds associated with the objects or actions they refer to.
-
-
-
Linguistic Knowledge and Performance:
: There's a big difference between having the knowledge necessary to produce sentences of a language, and applying this knowledge.
: Knowledge is linguistic competence
: Use of this knowledge in actual speech production and comprehension is linguistic performance.
: Linguistic knowledge is no conscious knowledge.
: The linguistic system-the sounds, structures, meaning, words, and rules for putting them all together -- is learned subsconsciously with no awareness that rules are being learned.
Knowledge of Sentences and Nonsentences:
: An inventory of vocab is finite, the rules are finite, but the creation of sentences using these vocabulary and rules are infinite.
: Give examples from class.
: Knowing the words and rules for forming sentences
The Creativity of Linguistic Knowledge:
: Knowledge of a language enables you to combine words to form phrases, and phrases to form sentences.
: Noam Chomsky refers to it as creative aspect of language use.
: All human languages permit their speakers to form indefinitely long sentences; creativity is a universal property of human language.