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Environmental Aspects in Refining - Coggle Diagram
Environmental Aspects in Refining
Malaysia Law and Regulation
Environmental Quality Act 1974 - ACT 127
Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 2012 - ACT A1441 (lastest)
Typical wastes from a refinery
Wastewater from cooling systems
Polluted wastewater
Solid waste and sludge
VOC emissions
Others emissions
Wastes in Refinery Units
Desalter
The wash water from the desalter unit contains a large amount of chlorides, sulphides, ammonia, hydrocarbons and suspended solids.
The best practices should be followed to deal with this hazardous waste
Crude Distillation
Low boiling point hydrocarbons can escape to the atmosphere from the leaky connections during distillation
Hydrogen sulphide is emitted when sour crude is processed
Wastewater contains soluble hydrocarbons, mercaptans, antifoam and anticorrosion additives.
Catalytic Reforming and Isomerization
Small emissions of carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide may occur during regeneration of a catalyst
Appropriate catalyst handling will prevent dust emissions during loading
Thermal Cracking and Coking
Complete combustion in both the furnace and the flare assures minimum hydrocarbon emissions to the atmosphere.
To reduce furnace stack emissions, it is important to operate coker furnaces at optimum conditions; installing air pre-heaters and advanced process controls can increase the overall furnace efficiency.
Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC)
Catalyst regeneration produces emissions to the atmosphere upon burning the deposited coke
Alkylation
Sulphuric acid and hydrofluoric acid are potentially hazardous chemicals
Material handling should be based on available material safety data sheets for both acids.
Waste Management
Air Emissions
Categories
Estimation of emissions
Waste treatment and control
Waste minimization and prevention
Solid Waste
in the form of sludge, spent process catalysts, filter clay and incinerator ash.
Both hazardous and non-hazardous solid wastes are generated, treated and disposed.
Treatment of these wastes includes incineration, land treating off-site, land filling on-site, land filling offsite and other treatment methods.
The toxicity and amount of de-oiled and de-watered sludge is reduced through thermal treatment.
