Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

The Human Brain - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The biologist Stephen Jay Gould expresses
        
        The Darwinist model would say that language, like
        other complex organic language is such an
        integrated "all on none" system. it is hard to imagine
        systems, evolved step by step, each step being an adaptive solution . yet it evolving that way
      - Other linguists, however, support a more Darwinian
        natural selection development of what is sometimes
        called “the language instinct”
    - - children need exposure to language in order to
        develop normally
        
        Children who do not receive linguistic
        input during their formative years do not achieve
        nativelike grammatical competence
      - critical-age hypothesis
        
        language is biologically based and that the ability ot
        learn a native language develops within a fixed
        period, form , birth to middle childhood
    - - Bird song lacks certain fundamental characteristics
        of human language
      - certain species of birds show a critical period for
        acquiring their "language" similar to the critical
        period of human language acquisition
      - it depends on the geographic area that
        the bird inhabits
        
        The message is the same, but the form or
        “pronunciation” is
        different
      - On the other hand, some bird species show no
        critical period
        
        he cuckoo
        sings a fully developed song even if it never hears another cuckoo sing
  - - - one cognitive domain can develop
        normally along with abnormal development in other domains
        
        Children with Turner syndrome have normal
        language and advanced reading
        skills along with serious nonlinguistic cognitive
        deficits
        
        williams syndrome reveal a unique behavioural
        profile i which certain linguistic functions seem to be relatively preserved in the face of visual and
        spatial cognitive deficits and moderate retardation
    - - linguistic ability is affected, and often only specific
        aspects of grammar are impaired.
      - have problems with the use of function words
        
        auxiliary verbs
        
        prepositions
        
        articles
      - have difficulties with inflectional suffixes on nouns
        and verbs such as markers of tense and agreement
    - - savants
        
        individuals that have the talents but lack the ability
        as a normal human such as taking care of
        normal human such as taking care of
        themselves
        
        examples
        
        human calculator
        
        can perform arithmetic computations at phenomenal
        speed
        
        calendrical calculator
        
        can tell without pause on
        which day of the week any date in the last or next century falls
        
        two such case of savants
        
        Laura
        
        a retarded young woman with a nonverbal IQ of 41
        to 44
        
        had an auditory memory span limited to
        three units
        
        lacked almsot all numebr concept , includng basic
        counting principles, and could draw only at a preschool lever
        
        Cristopher
        
        The tasks of buttoning a shirt, cutting
        his fingernails, or vacuuming the carpet are too
        difficult for him
        
        must live in an institution
        because he is unable to take care of himself
        
        has a nonverbal IQ between 60 and 70
- - - - phrenology
        
        the practice of determining personality traits,
        
        intellectual capacities,
        
        and other matters by examining the “bumps” on the
        
        skull
- - - - it is a soundtest with two different sound signals that
        willl be heard simultaneouslty with an earphone
      - both hemispheres receive signals from both ears,
        but the contralateral stimuli prevail over the psilateral(same side) stimuli because they are
        processed mre robustly
      - the accuracy of which the subjects of this
        exxperiment reports what they hear is the evidence that the left hemisphere is superior for linguistic
        processing and the right hemisphere is superior for nonverbal information
- - - - when the path is severed, there will be no
        communication between those two side of brain
      - split-brain patients also provide evidence for
        language lateralization and for understanding contralateral brain function
    - - When the brain is surgically split, certain information
        from the left side of the body is received only by the right side of the
        brain, and vice versa
      - In humans who have undergone split-brain
        operations, the two hemispheres appear to be independent
      - facts
        
        The left brain is superior for language, rhythmic
        perception, temporal-order judgments,
        and arithmetic calculations.
        
        In humans who have undergone split-brain
        operations, the two hemispheres
        appear to be independent