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Cardiovascular System - Coggle Diagram
Cardiovascular System
Structure of the heart
The heart is divided into four chambers consisting of two atria and two ventricles; the atria receive blood, while the ventricles pump blood. The right atrium receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavas and the coronary sinus; blood then moves to the right ventricle where it is pumped to the lungs.
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Heart Chambers
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The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle and opens due to a build-up of pressure in the right atrium.
The bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle and likewise opens due to a build-up of pressure, this time in the left atrium.
The semilunar valves stop the back flow of blood into the heart. There is a semilunar valve where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and another where the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
Blood vessels
the aorta is the largest artery in the body. It carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to the body
the vena cava is the largest vein in the body. It carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart
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Energy System
Aerobic
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Glucose from carbohydrates and fats supply the energy for the aerobic energy system and can supply energy for long periods of time.
Carbohydrate food sources include rice, bread, potatoes, bananas and energy drinks. Fat food sources include butter, oils, cheese, milk and nuts.
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The anaerobic respiratory system supplies energy very quickly for sports such as vaulting in gymnastics or throwing a javelin where the activity only lasts a few seconds.
Glucose → energy + lactic acid
The lactic acid energy system produces the majority of the energy for moderate to high intensity activities such as running 400 metres. However, lactic acid is a fatiguing by-product of this energy pathway and causes pain and discomfort in the working muscles. It is for this reason that the winner of a 400 m race is typically the athlete who slows down the least.
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Steps of ATP-PC
. Initially ATP stored in the myosin cross-bridges (microscopic contractile parts of muscle) is broken down to release energy for muscle contraction. This leaves the by-products of ATP breakdown: adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and one single phosphate (Pi) all on its own.
- Phosphocreatine (PC) is then broken down by the enzyme creatine kinase into Creatine and Pi
- The energy released in the breakdown of PC allows ADP and Pi to rejoin forming more ATP. This newly formed ATP can now be broken down to release energy to fuel activity.
ATPase in this case assists the synthesis of new ATP rather than the breakdown. We see how this works in the diagram below.
