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OCULAR INJURY - Coggle Diagram
OCULAR INJURY
How can alcohol lead to ocular injury?
For instance
IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL) 2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9
These factors can serve as an
itch stimulus further perpetuating eye rubbing
and amplify the inflammatory response and leads to persistent inflammation in the ocular surface.
Alcohol is known for its dehydrating properties can result in
desiccating stress
Besides reducing the proliferative capacity and inducing apoptosis,
alcohol can reduce the mucosal immune response on the ocular surface due to its immune-suppressive properties
Desiccation stress also
increases the inflammatory factors' level
in human ocular surface epithelial cells.
The chemical injury destroys both the cells and the extracellular matrix causing necrosis of tissue and as the blood vessels of the eyes are destroyed,
ischemia
results.
Toxic substances such as
prostaglandins, histamine, leukotrienes and others are released from the burnt cells
Cause corneal damage by pH change, ulceration, proteolyzes and collagen synthesis defects
Lead to damage the pluripotent limbal stem cell causing a limbal stem cell deficiency.
opacification and neo-vascularization of the cornea.
exerted an immediate cytotoxic effect on corneal epithelial cells
increased lactate dehydrogenase level in human corneal limbal epithelial cells (hCLECs)
organ destruction occurs due to significant cell death that results in loss of cytoplasm
How does alcohol penetrate the eye?
Due to its hydroxyl group (OH-) and relatively short carbon chains, it reacts with the lipid membrane
(process called saponification)
Disrupt phospholipid membrane arrangement, thereby
destroying cell membrane structure, penetrate into corneal stroma and destroy/ hydrolizes intracellular glycosaminoglycans (proteoglycans) and denatures collagens.
Damaged tissues induce inflammation to the injury site and secrete proteolytic enzymes, further damages the tissues. Also known as
liquefactive necrosis.
If the limbus is affected significantly, the cornea may develop recurrent epithelial defects, and conjuctival invasion onto cornea may occur; as a result of the loss stem cells (cannot renew damaged epithelial cells)
Depending on the concentration, alcohol can cause a significant (though self-limiting) keratitis with an associated inflammation of the ocular surface structures.