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Urban Problems & Solutions - Coggle Diagram
Urban Problems & Solutions
MEDC
Housing
Problems
Homelessness ->
X Sufficient Shelter
Causes
Economic Changes
Economic Restructure
Shifting from sector to sector
(e.g. Manufacture to Service)
Deindustrialisation
refers to a reduction +
removal of industrial activity
Example
In the 23 most advanced economies, employment in manufacturing declined from about 28 percent of the workforce in 1970 to about 18 percent in 1994.
High Cost of Housing
Example
According to CBRE’s fifth annual Global Living report, the average price of a home in Hong Kong in 2019 is more than $1.2 million.
Natural Increase, Rural-Urban Migration, Urbanization --> Increase Demand
Example
Population Density in Hongkong: 7,075 per sq.km
Low Land Supply
Low availability of flat
land for construction
Example
HK: 60% terrain
unsuitable for construction
Small Land area
Limit to land reclamation
Impacts
UNEMPLYOMENT
Lesser income to
purchase housing
Derelict Housing
Houses/Building neglected for years
Example
More than 11 million homes sit empty across Europe, enough to shelter the entire continent's homeless population twice over in Europe
Slums
Effect of Homlessness
Overcrowded
Example
In 2016, the average living space per person in Hong Kong’s public rental housing was 140 sq ft
High Crime rates
Example
American Housing Survey -> 5.5% of its population in 2015 were living in housing units that were severely inadequate
Legal+Perma----> become
sub-standard over time
Solutions
Increase Supply
(Increase No. of houses)
New Town Schemes
Overspill area(e.g. for cities such as
London) to house slum populations
living in poor sanitary conditions
Public Housing Schemes
Example
HK: Provisional Resettlement Development
Relocate squatter population to
newly built PRH unites
Example
SG: HDB
Board set up to build
inclusive and affordable housing
Standardized Building plans -> Construct
large quantities of housing -> in shorter
time frame + lower cost
Better than individual planners for separate housings, which is time-consuming and costly
Pre-fabrication technology
Components built off-site -> Assembly on-site
Faster Construction
Example
SG: Land Acquisition Act
Acquire land cheaply at fast rate
Resettlement Policies -> clear
large areas of squatter
land to relocate in HDBs
Decrease Demand
(Increase
No. of people in each houses)
Example
SG: Financing through CPF
Downpayment
Monthly mortgage
Subsidies + Loans
Varying subsidies according to
income level and needs of buyers
Additional CPF Housing Grant scheme
Low income families -> first homes
Transport
Problems
Environmental
Causes
Increased
number of cars
Increased amount of
pollutants emitted
from vehicles
Worsening Air Quality
More citizens might suffer from lung-related diseases such as Asthma and Bronchitis
2 more items...
Increased amount of noise generated by vehicles
Increased Noise Pollution
Danger of damage to foundations
from traffic vibrations
Impacts mental health
of humans and wildlife
Impacts
Economical
Causes
Increased number of
traffic jams
Lost Work Time
spent on Commute
Lower Economic Productivity
Slow Economic Growth
Evidence
Economic cost of congestion has reached over 3% of GDP where workers and deliveries are late due to traffic jams.
(The main source of GDP loss is the
wasted fuel
that comes along with being in a jam)
Impacts
Social
Causes
Increased Number of Vehicles
Increased chance of accidents
More citizens will get injured
Need time to recover
1 more item...
Evidence
(According to Statista)
By the end of 2019, there were 279.6 million vehicles in the US. In that year, there was a total of 36,096 fatalities from vehicular accidents.
By the end of 2020, there were 281.4 million vehicles in the US. In that year, there was a total of 38,680 fatalities from vehicular accidents.
From this, we can tell that as the number of vehicles on the roads increases, the number of accidents increases.
Links:
https://www.statista.com/statistics/191521/traffic-related-fatalities-in-the-united-states-since-1975/
2.
https://www.statista.com/statistics/859950/vehicles-in-operation-by-quarter-united-states/
Impacts
Spatial
Causes
Inadequate parking spaces
for the increased
number of vehicles
High amounts of inconvenience
experienced by citizens
Impacts
Solutions
Pedestrianisation
Selected roads are closed off to traffic or only allow public transport vehicles and delivery trucks to enter.
Improved environment, with less air and noise pollution.
Road Pricing and
Restriction of cars
Example
Singapore's ALS or ERP that tolls drivers as they pass through certain areas near the Central area.
ALS led to a 45% reduction in traffic
ERP led to a further 15% reduction in traffic
Both led to 65% of commuters
taking public transport
Restricting car ownership
Restrict quotas on the
number of cars registered
Can be done indirectly through
the market mechanism by increasing
road and car taxes.
Example
Singapore's COE
COE is needed for every vehicle and it is linked to a quota system that allows for controlled increments to the vehicle population.
Improvement of public transport
Bus Rapid Transit refers to sophisticated bus systems that have their own lanes on city streets.
Bus stations instead of bus stops.
Allows for faster, more orderly boarding,
similar to those of metro or light rail systems.
Electronic signage tells users
when the next bus is arriving.
Have elevated boarding platforms level with the bus floors so passengers do not need to climb steps to get on the bus.
Other traffic measures
Cycle lanes
Promote cycling
Bus lane
Speed up journey times,
promoting people to take the bus
Reduce road tax for smaller engines
Promote the use of less polluting cars or even the use of electric cars.
Car-share
Example
Carpooling services by Uber and Lyft
More people in one car -->
less cars for more people
Decreasing Demand
Increasing Supply