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Responses to Stress [Health Psych] - Coggle Diagram
Responses to Stress [Health Psych]
Emotional Responses
Emotions Commonly Elicited
specific cognitive rxn ⇌ stress
stressful events
evoke many emotions
eg. self blame -> guilt
emotional responses to stress
dejection
sadness
grief
apprehension
anxiety
fear
annoyance
anger
rage
+ve emotions
enhanced immune responses
enhanced physical health
longevity
protective against heart diseases
undo lingering effects of -ve emotions
short circuit potentially damaging physiological response
alter mindset
broaden scope of attention
increased creativity & flexibility in problem solving
promote social interaction
build social support
enhanced coping strategy
more pleasant emotions; increase one's resillience
+ve emotions don't vanish with severe stress
help people
bounce back from difficulties
Effects of Emotional Arousal
unpleasant emotions
serve important purposes
physical emotions (eg. pain emotions)
warning to take action
emotional arousal
interfere with attention & memory retrieval
impair judgement
Inverted U Hypothesis
increased emotional arousal
improved task performance
further increase
disruptive
performance decreases
task more complex
optimal level of arousal decrease
can be beneficial / disruptive
depend on nature of stressful demands of one's encounters
Physiological Responses
General Adaptation Syndrome
model of body's stress response which consist of 3 stages
1 - alarm rxn
organism first recognizes the existence of a threat
physiological arousal occur
body muster resources
combat challenge
2 - resistance
coping mechanism get under way
physiological changes stablize
physiological arousal continues to be higher than normal
may level off if organism is used to the threat
3 - exhaustion
body's resources fighting for stress are limited
stress not overcome
resources depleting
hormonal exhaustion
chronic overactivation of stress response
damaging physiological effects
body organs
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Brain- Body Pathways
2 pathways where brain sends signals
to endocrine system
consist of glands located at various sites in the body
secrete chemicals
hormones
1 - routed through autonomic nervous system (ANS)
hypothalamus activate sympathetic division of ANS
stimulate central part of adrenal glands
adrenal medulla
release large amount of catecholamines into bloodstream
radiate throughout body
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catecholamine elevation
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2 - involves more direct communication btween endocrine system and brain
hypothalamus send signals
"master gland" of endocrine system
pituitary gland secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
stimulates outer part of adrenal glands
release corticosteroids
stimulate release of chemicals
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stress interfere with neurogenesis
formation of new neurons
key area : hippocampus
hindered / suppressed neurogenesis
important ramifications
cause of depression
Behavioral Responses
Giving Up and Blaming Oneself
met with stress
respond with fatalism & resignation
learned helplessness
passive behavior produced by exposure to unavoidable aversive events
occur -> believe that events are beyond control
contribute to depression
struggle to pursue goals
unattainable
cut losses & disengage from goal
those better able to disengage
better health
exhibit lower levels of stress hormone
common response
tendency to become highly self critical
catastrophic thinking
emotional rxn to stress
problematic
excessive self blame
very unhealthy
Striking Out at Others
agression
any behavior that is intended to hurt someone, verbally / physically
frustration-aggression hypothesis
aggression is caused by frustration
isn't an inevitable, 1 to 1 correspondence
behaving aggressively
get pent-up emotions out of system
be adaptive
known as catharsis
release of emotion tension
good idea to vent anger
release & reduce anger
not supported
behaving in aggressive manner
fuels more anger & aggression
Indulging Oneself
stress
reduced impulse control / self-indulgence
engage in unwise patterns of eating, drinking etc.
increases in eating, smoking etc
stress-induced shopping
increases compulsive consumption
common
people who are highly materialistic
tendency to immerse in online world
Internet Addiction
involving one of these subtypes
excessive gaming
all subtypes exhibit
excessive time online
anger & depression
cannot go online
increase need for better equipment & connections
adverse consequences
lying about Internet use etc
preoccupation with sexual content
obsessive socializing
fostered by high stress
increased level of anxiety, depression & alcohol use
Defensive Coping
largely unconscious rxns that protect person from unpleasant emotions - anxiety & guilt
operate at varying levels of awareness
although largely unconscious
main purpose
shield indivs. from unpleasant emotions from stress
self deception ( distort reality )
appear as not threatening
less than optimal
avoidance & wishful thinking
doesn't solve problem
"positive illusions"
adaptive for mental health
deal life difficulties
all matter of degree
have "optimal margin of illusion"
extreme distortion of reality
maladaptive
small illusions
beneficial
Constructive Coping
relatively healthful efforts that people make to deal with stressful events
concept
convey healthful & positive approach
no promising concept
key themes
involves confronting problems directly
task relevant & action oriented
entails conscious effort
rationally evaluate options
try to solve problems
based on reasonably realistic appraisals of stress & coping resources
little self deception
adaptive
excessive self deception & highly unrealistic negative thinking
not adaptive
involves reappraising stressful events in less threatening ways
includes making effort
ensure body not especially vulnerable
potentially damaging effects of stress