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Chapter 21: The New Deal, started an attempted practice of Court Packing…
Chapter 21: The New Deal
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The second new Deal
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congress utilized parts of Share Our Wealth movement by enacting well known tax on large wealthy elites and corporations
Creation of Rural Electrification Agency - responsible for supplying electricity to America (went from 80% of farms having no electricity in 1934 to 90% of farms being weird in 1950)
establishment of Works Progress Administration which provided jobs for unemployed workers in construction of public facilities, arts, and general infrastrcture
Advent of Wagner Act - brought more democracy to the workplace by establishing a National Labor Relations Board that would watch over elections and give employees a say in union representation. Additionally, it worked in regulating some other areas of employment and bargaining practices
Most important part of the second new deal was the Social Security Act which created a Social Security system that brought retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, disability insurance, and public welfare to the common citizen
Social security act launched an Americanized welfare state, which was a state system that provided things like income assistance, health coverage, and other benefits to citizens automatically
"Laissez-faire is dead and the modern state has become responsible for the modern economy and the task of insuring . . . the standard of life for its people" -Walter Lippmann
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New Deal for Minorities
Women
advent of First Lady, which gave an otherwise politically dead position new prominence and power
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There was still a male-dominated household mindset in society, men were supposed to be the breadwinners while the women stay home and do domestic work
Blacks
FDR initially ignored Democratic control of the South and Congress since he needed their support to pass his New Deal
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Southern veto and political monopoly means that even though strides were being made in welfare, Blacks in the south got the least amount as democrats desperately tried to mitigate its success
because of the conditions blacks lived in, cases arised where people would become dependent on welfare despite not being able to pay the Social Security taxes, and a stigma developed
New changes with the NAACP gaining prominence and New Deal, black voters in the north and west began to shift their votes in support of democrats and the new deal
the benefits Fair Labor Standards Act did still did not reach 60% of employed blacks and 85% of black women because agricultural and domestic workers were excluded
Indians
advent of Indian New Deal - removed forced assimilation and allowed Indians relative cultural autonomy
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Indian Reorganization Act helped to oust the Dawes Act and the effects it had, and Indians were given more rights to govern their own affairs
Mexican-Americans
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workforce was primarily laborers, so either they completely lost their job or they had to endure terrible conditions and grueling work to make ends meet during the Depression
both the Wagner and Social Security Acts did not apply to Mexican Americans, and unions were suppressed without a second thought
Filipinos did get the Filipino Repatriation Act which would give free transportation to Filipino immigrants who wanted to return
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Changes in society
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The categorization of the "Left" helped to give prominence to many socialists, communists, radicals, and New Deal liberals
Their belief that the Depression demonstrated the uselessness of capitalism was heard, as well as their demonstrations for the unemployed, fighting for industrial unionism, and a new movement of black civil rights; all of this is known as the Popular Front
Communists helped to give New Deal liberalism a militaristic aspect as well as a more pluralistic understanding of American values and notions
Popular Front helped to emphasize diversity, tolerance, and rejection of both ethnic prejudice and class privilege (Ex. Martha Graham's American Document)
Communist led International Labor Defense found grounds in the South and helped to garner support for black defendants. It also pushed the Scottsboro case to be more known, a case in which 9 black youths were convicted of raping 2 white women. The court established principles that defendants have a constitutional right to effective legal representation and that blacks cannot be exempt from serving in Juries
Increase in popularity of more radical Popular Front edition of American society emerged, as well as the advent of the "common man"
CIO brought black workers into labor movements and supported their education immensely; promised higher wages, dignity within the workplace, and an end to the power being held by racists
Senate subcomittee exposes the underbelly of corporations and their anti-unionization measures like spies and private police
House of Representatives establish House Un-American Activities Committee - a Committee organized to investigate radical figures and thinkers (communists, labor radicals, far left, etc.)
South slowly began to fade support for FDR after economic reports revealed the South far behind the rest of the country economically
new Southern radicals like southern New Dealers, black activists, labor leaders, communuists, and officials worked together to found the Southern Conference for Human Welfare and work towards unionization, unemployment benefits, and new justicies
FDR attempts to liberalize Southern Democrats after they continue to attempt to exempt or mitigate any benefits to the Blacks the New Deal might bring
started an attempted practice of Court Packing (FDR's attempts to increase the Supreme Court from 9 to 15 so his Second New Deal would be passed)
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affected farmers heavily, including those who were moving because of the Dust Bowl
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served as an amalgamation of national and local funding, and different slight adaptations were made based on local regulations
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