THE OTHER TRANSTLATION PROCEDURS
1. Transference
The process of transferring a SL word to TL
Only cultural objects or concepts related to small group should be transferred
4. Functional equivalent
It is applied to cultural words
It is the most accurate way of translating
2. Naturalisation
It succeeds transference and adapts SL word to the normal pronunciation
3. Cultural equivalent
It is a approximate translation where SL cultural word is translated by TL
The translation is limited, but it can be used in general text, publicity or propaganda
14. Reduction and expansion
5. Descriptive equivalent
Description has to be weighed against function
Description and function are essential elements in explanations
6. Synonymy
It is used for SL word with no precise equivalent
Translator has to use synonymy as compromise
7. Through-translation
A translator should not initiate a through-translation
It should be used only when they are recognized terms
8. Shifts transpositions
It is translation procedure changing singular to plural
Gerund is the most neglected of all translator's transpositions
Certain transpositions appear to go beyond linguistic differences
It is the only translations procedure concerned with grammar
9. Modulation
Free modulation are used by translator when the TL rejects literal translation
Translations are free, and in theory the double negative is not as forceful as the positive
10. Recognized translation
You have to use the official translation theory
11. Translation label
It is a provisional translation
12. Compensation
The losing of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic
13. Componential analysis
The splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense components
You can practice it intuitively
15. Paraphrase
It is a amplification or explanation of the meaning
16. Other procedures
Equivalence and adaptation
17. Couplets
Couplets, triplets, quadruplets, many more