THE OTHER TRANSTLATION PROCEDURS

1. Transference

The process of transferring a SL word to TL

Only cultural objects or concepts related to small group should be transferred

4. Functional equivalent

It is applied to cultural words

It is the most accurate way of translating

2. Naturalisation

It succeeds transference and adapts SL word to the normal pronunciation

3. Cultural equivalent

It is a approximate translation where SL cultural word is translated by TL

The translation is limited, but it can be used in general text, publicity or propaganda

14. Reduction and expansion

5. Descriptive equivalent

Description has to be weighed against function

Description and function are essential elements in explanations

6. Synonymy

It is used for SL word with no precise equivalent

Translator has to use synonymy as compromise

7. Through-translation

A translator should not initiate a through-translation

It should be used only when they are recognized terms

8. Shifts transpositions

It is translation procedure changing singular to plural

Gerund is the most neglected of all translator's transpositions

Certain transpositions appear to go beyond linguistic differences

It is the only translations procedure concerned with grammar

9. Modulation

Free modulation are used by translator when the TL rejects literal translation

Translations are free, and in theory the double negative is not as forceful as the positive

10. Recognized translation

You have to use the official translation theory

11. Translation label

It is a provisional translation

12. Compensation

The losing of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic

13. Componential analysis

The splitting up of a lexical unit into its sense components

You can practice it intuitively

15. Paraphrase

It is a amplification or explanation of the meaning

16. Other procedures

Equivalence and adaptation

17. Couplets

Couplets, triplets, quadruplets, many more