4) Gunnar Myrdal (1996) perceived corruption as a difficult term to pronounce or as a sensitive topic for a study in Asian countries three decades ago. Nonetheless, studies on corruption in Asian countries are interesting because Asian countries are among the countries with the highest levels of corruption. In 1996, Asian countries were implicated in large-scale corruption, according to Gosh's article (1997) in the "Economic Review." When Thailand, South Korea, Malaysia, and Indonesia experienced an economic crisis the next year, the situation became even worse.