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On the wild side: Succession and Photosynthesis, PHOTOSYNTHESIS, There are…
On the wild side: Succession and Photosynthesis
Structure of chloroplasts
inner membrane
Another lipid bilayer, highly specialized to proteins and substances like sugars into the chloroplast and its very selective
stroma
Essentially the chloroplast's cytoplasm and contains lots of enzymes and it is the site of the light INdependent reaction
outer membrane
Consists of a bilayer membrane and is permeable to H2O and CO2 needed for photosynthesis. Large proteins pass through channel through channel proteins
Granum
Stacks of thylakoids joined together which are connected by intergranal lamellae. Simply an efficient way to store lots of thylakoids
What is succesion?
It is a process by which communities of animals
and plants colonize an area and are then taken over by more varied species due to the
changes brought by these organisms
Primary
This begins from bare rock and water and is unusual to occur today as most places have undergone this stage already
Secondary
Same as primary except it occurs
when the current seral community is removed abruptly. This can be due to anthropogenic factors or natural ones.
This time theres already soil and seeds present. Wind blown plants that are tolerant to high levels of sun and grow as fast as pioneer species or fugitive species will colonize the area
The process
1) pioneer species colonize an area which are able to withstand drying out (dessication), extreme temps, and drought
2)Pioneer species break through the rock. Humus builds up as the pioneer species die and decompose.Ferns and moss form
3)Moss and ferns cast huge shadows which halt lichen growth. Roots are longer and break up rock. Organic matter gradually increases as the bigger plants die and water is retained so grass, small plants and shrubs can grow
4) Growth of larger plants and animals which inhabit them causes change to soil and light condition
5) Area is colonized by dominant plant species and climax community is reached
Light- independent reaction
1) CO2 combines with a 5-carbon compound called RuBP which is catalysed by the worlds most abundant enzyme RUBISCO
2) The 6 carbon compound formed is unstable and immediately breaks down into 2 3-carbon molecules, GP
3) This three carbon compound is reduced to form a 3-carbon sugar called GALP. The H from the reaction comes from the reduced NADP from the dependent reaction. ATP from the dependent provides the energy needed for the endothermic reaction ( rNADP becomes NADP and ATP becomes ADP + Pi)
4) 2 of every 12 GALPS formed are involved in the creation of a 6-carbon sugar (hexose) which can be converted into other organic compounds
5) 10 out of every 12 GALPs are involved in the creation of RuBP. The 10 GALP molecules rearrange to form 5-carbon compounds which are then phosphorylated using ATP to form RuBP (ATP becomes ADP)
Light- dependent reaction
1) Light enters Photosystem 2 (PSII) and raises 2 electrons to a higher energy level
2) This puts the chlorophyll in an excited state
3)Electrons leave chlorophyll and enter the 1st protein in the ETC (electron transfer chain)
4) e-'s move through the ETC via a series of oxidation and reduction reactions
5) Each reaction releases a bit of energy which is used to bring protons (H+ ions) into the thylakoid space (inner thylakoid)
6) Light hits PSI and this causes 3 e-'s to leave, which are -replaced by the e-'s from the ETC
7) e-'s lost from PSII must be replaced if the ETC is to continue, produced by photolysis. The H+ ions generated here contribute to the H+ gradient being formed
8) Reduced NADP and the ATP needed for the next reaction have now been generated
1 more item...
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6CO2 + 6H2O ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (Endothermic reaction)
CO2 is reduced as hydrogens and electrons are added
To generate hydrogens to react with the oxygen in respiration, water must be split. This requires sunlight energy for this split: H20--> 2H+ + 2e- + 1/2O2 (PHOTOLYSIS)
There are two types of succesion...
ADP+ Pi (reversible sign) ATP