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Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Literature Cited,…
Abstract
METHODS
A data collection was conducted to test if wingspan of birds increases also increases their average basal metabolic rate.
CONCLUSION
This data suggests that the increase in wingspan of birds also increases their average BMR due to larger wings contributing to a higher average body mass, but other factors from other studies indicate that wingspan alone is not the only factor to affect BMR.
RESULTS
Graphs showed a positive correlation that as wingspan increases, so does the average BMR of each bird, with few outliers as well.
Key terms/abbreviations: basal metabolic rate (BMR), mass-specific basal metabolic rate
BACKGROUND/HYPOTHESIS
A data collection was conducted to test if wingspan of birds increases also increases their average basal metabolic rate (BMR).
Introduction
BACKGROUND
Birds contain a wide variety of sizes when it comes to their wingspan. Researches have found a correlation between the size of their wingspan and their BMR. Economically, birds with a higher ratio of wingspan and body mass to wing loading (total body mass/wing area) are known to be selected in longer migratory distances and lesser power of flight (Vágási et al 2016).
QUESTION/HYPOTHESIS
If the wingspan of the birds increases, then their BMR also increases.
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APPROACH
In this experiment, a data-mining method is taken place to find the significance between various birds of their wingspan and their BMR.
Methods
SUBJECTS
Subjects include the morphological and physiological attributes of all avian species within the data base of Quaardvark such as: wingspan, BMR, mass-specific BMR, and body mass.
PROCEDURES
Steps into the experiment include the creation of the data tables and graphs on Microsoft Excel and then modifying the graphs so that trendlines of best fit are noticed.
MATERIALS
Materials for this include the software website of Quaardvark that provides a saved data base of various attributes for both mammals and non mammal species.
DESIGN
The experiment is designed with the assemblage of data tables and graphs, and then analyzing any significant trendlines that may show supportive implications in relation to the hypothesis.
Results
A positive correlation was found when graphing the comparison between birds' wingspan and their BMR. Certain species showed as outliers from the main trendline
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Discussion
FIRST PARAGRAPH
KEY FINDINGS
A positive correlation was found between the wingspan of the birds and their BMR. As the area of their wings increase, so did their overall body mass, which also has a positive correlation their average BMR (Vágási et al 2016).
THIRD PARAGRAPH
MORE FINDINGS
Birds with an average wingspan of 6.5 m and average body masses around ~19 kg have been known to exploit soaring so that the cost for migration is kept at a minimal (Ksepka 2014).
SECOND PARAGRAPH
SECOND FINDINGS
Through morphological adaptation, birds with larger wingspans have been selected with the capability to migrate and travel at longer distances as they more often rely on soaring to travel rather than using their power for lifting and dragging (Gavrilov 2014)
Literature Cited
Gavrilov VM. 2014. Ecological and Scaling Analysis of the Energy Expenditure of Rest, Activity, Flight, and Evaporative Water Loss in Passeriformes and Non-Passeriformes in Relation to Seasonal Migrations and to the Occupation of Boreal Stations in High and Moderate Latitudes. The Quarterly Review of Biology 89:107–150.
Vágási, CI, & Pap PL & Vincze, O, Osváth G Erritzøe J, Moller, AP. 2016. Morphological adaptations to migration in birds. Evolutionary Biology. 43. 48-59. 10.1007/s11692-015-9349-0.
Ksepka DT. 2014. Flight performance of the largest volant bird. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111:10624–10629.
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