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Stockwell. Ch 2
Accent and dialect. Sociolinguistics, Trowbridge, UK. -…
Stockwell. Ch 2
Accent and dialect. Sociolinguistics, Trowbridge, UK.
Social networks
A social network is an abstract mechanism that denotes the social relationships an individual contracts with other individuals in a society. If society as a whole is viewed as the macro-level, then social networks can be described as ‘micro-level social clusters’ families, friends, neighbourhoods, etc., i.e. particular patterns of social organization within society as a whole.
A dense social network results when all the people in a group are linked to each other, so that everyone knows everyone else.
A multiplex social network results when individuals in the group are related to each other in a number of different ways (such as being neighbours, drinking in the pub together, working together, having children at the same school, and so on).
Genderlects
Common gender: words which might be assumed to be sex-neutral turn out to be used in very specific and exclusive ways.
Shifts in prestige
Prestige values attaching to dialectal or accent variation are subject to shifts over time. These perceptions can emerge from the ground up, or they can be affected by a top-down imposition from government and institutions.
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Euphemism, register and code.
Idioms (the individual words and phrase peculiar to a language variety – see B12) often rely for their meaning on metaphorical interpretations. ‘Kick the bucket’, for example, has a metaphorical meaning of ‘to die’.
Euphemism can be seen not so much as a lexical replacement by a dissimilar word as a replacement by a closely associated word. The saying of some-thing innocuous that either hints at, or establishes a precondition of some previous offensive intended act’ (Ortony 1993: 43).
Elaborated code is explicit and can be communicated without gesturing to the immediate context: it is thus universalistic. Restricted code is implicit and requires participants who share assumptions and a local context: it is particularistic.
Code-switching.
‘The juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of massages belonging to two different grammatical systems or subsystems’.
Tag-switching: this tag-switch might simply be because the speaker lacked the necessary vocabulary in the native language for the previous word.
Intersentential switch: This conversation switches at a sentence boundary, marked with a short pause, at the point where the topic changes to refer to the speaker.
Intrasentential switch: Even this occurs at a clause boundary rather than mid-clause. This sort of switch is the most ‘risky’, requiring the greatest degree of mutual bilingual proficiency which might not have existed in this temporary speech community.
Diglossia is a situation in which two distinct varieties of a language are spoken within the same speech community. Bilingual diglossia is a type of diglossia in which one language variety is used for writing and another for speech.
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Language and ideology.
Ideology it’s the particular system of beliefs and assumptions that underlies every linguistic analysis and every social event.
Halliday differentiates three dimensions of language:
Textual the actual organisation of language features to appear grammatical.
Interpersonal the relations between the participants in a communicative event.
Ideational the content and belief-system involved.
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