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VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION - Coggle Diagram
VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Communication
the transfer of meaning from one mind to another
a sharing of meaning through the transmission of information via mutually understood signs
VERBAL
VOCAL VERBAL COMMUNICATION
includes spoken language
NONVOCAL VERBAL COMMUNICATION
involves written communication that is transmitted through
sign language
finger spelling
Braille
meanings exist in the human mind, they cannot be shared or communicated except through vehicle
by making sounds and movements using our body, we can create a system of vehicles for sharing inner meanings and ideas with others
SIGNS (aka SIGNALS / CUES)
= elements that codify meaning
SEMIOTICS / SEMIOSIS / SEMIOLOGY
(the study of such signs)
Definition
theoretical relationship between language and signs or symbols used in the transmission of language
application of linguistic principals to object other than natural language (facial expression or religious ritual)
3 types of signs
SYMBOLS
stands in a place of an object
flag (patriotism and pride)
have a metaphorical quality (like water; a symbol of life or purity as in the ritual washing in religious ceremonies)
people sometimes serve as symbolic signs (Nelson Mandela; human struggle for dignity)
INDICES
points to something beyond itself
an indicator, ('big' and 'arrow')
is sometimes called natural sign because the relationship between the word and what it signifies is natural (smoke = fire)
ICONS
representations of an object that produces mental image
although we don't know what is 'tree' in Japanese, Korean and Turki, but by using the icon; the picture of a tree, our brain conjures it up regardless of language ability
often used by the computers and travel industry to break the language barrier so that people from different country can easily understand
NONVERBAL
human beings communicate more through nonverbal means
70-percent figure for body language, the voice accounts for another 20 percent or so, and specific words only about 10 percent.
NONVOCAL NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
focuses on body language, environment, attire and the like
VOCAL NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
focuses on vocal characteristics (pitch, rate, and so on)
PARALANGUAGE
Definition
a range of nonlinguistic elements of speech (facial expressions, gestures, the use of time and space and so on)
KINESICS
(body language)
deals with physical movements (affective displays)
vary culturally
Mediterranenan culture use extensive hand movements and body gestures in expressing the anger
Japanese may be less excited but perhaps no less angry
includes the use of smiling, giggling
facial expressions (rolling of the eyes / arching of eyebrows)
posture in standing
generally not refers to sign language, but is associated with the use of
emblems (physical gestures that support or reinforce what is said verbally)
universal emblem (uplifted shoulders and upturned hands as "I don't know)
culture-bound emblem (encircled thumb and forefinger)
worthless in France
money in Japan
curse in Arab
OK in the United States
OCCULESICS
(closely related to Kinesics)
deals with eye behavior (eye contact)
a static or fixed gaze versus dynamic eye movement
Japan (more common to look at the throat of the other person)
China and Indonesia (lower the eyes - direct eye contact is considered as bad manners)
same kinesics gesture can be interpreted differently
(facial gesture of downcast eyes during conversation = social deference, boredom, evasion, insincerity)
PROXEMICS
involves the social use of space (the closeness between and among people when they speak)
distance
intimate space (0-18 inches)
personal space / informal distance (18 inches - 4 feet)
social space/formal distance (4-12 feet)
public space ( beyond 12 feet)
the effective use of space in social settings (business, home)
HAPTICS
(about touch)
a very much function of culture
moderate-touch
(used occasionally- handshakes, sporadic shoulder touching, back slapping)
North America, Northern Europe
low-contact
(rarely used at all)
Northern Asian culture
high-contact / high-touch culture
(much used- embraces and hand-holding)
Mediterranean, Middle Eastern and Latin American culture
vary
handshakes vary in length and strength of grip depending on the actual (or hoped for) degree of intimacy between the two people shaking hands
VOCALICS
(also called PARALANGUAGE)
nonphonemic qualities of language (deals with vocal cues)
accent
loudness
tempo
pitch
cadance
rate of speech
nasality and tone
vary culturally
VOCAL CHARACTERIZERS
laughing, crying, yawning
VOCAL QUALIFIERS
volume, pitch, rhythm, tempo
VOCAL SEGREGATES
sounds such as "mmm, uh-huh, ooo"
VOCAL RATES
speed when you are talking
CHRONEMICS
deals with the use of time
FORMAL TIME
measured in minutes, days, months
INFORMAL TIME
measured relative to seasons, social customs, lunar cycles
APPEARANCE
person's look or physical appearance
body shape, hair color, skin tone, grooming, dress (both clothing and jewelry), body piercings, branding, tattoos
ENVIRONMENT
involves the communicative value of physical space (room size, colour, accessibility and location)
business people has a very significant meaning with desk size, offices
the most important people in the company occupy the uppermost floor in the building
ARTIFACTS
apparent objects visible in the room
art, possessions (may be personal, indicative of status or revealing lifestyle)
have cultural significance
Western (pets have great emotional significance)
Arabs (rugs are prestigious)
OLFACTICS
(deals with smells)
use of perfumes and spices
the closer people are to each other, the more likely that the smile will be relevant
SYNCHRONY
the amount of coordination in people's behavior (in sync with another)
mirroring, mimicry, behavioral meshing
USES OF NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
create impressions beyond the verbal element of communication (kinesics, chronemics, vocalics, environment)
repeat and reinforce what is said verbally (occulesics, kinesics)
manage and regulate the interaction among participants in the communication exchange (kinesics, occulesics, proxemics, synchrony)
express emotion beyond the verbal element (kinesics, occulesics, haptics, vocalics, proxemics)
convey relational message of affection, power, dominance, respect (proxemics, occulesics, haptics)
promote honest communication- detecting deception or conveying suspicion (kinesics, occulesics, vocalics)
provide group or social leadership- sending messages of power and persuasion (kinesics, vocalics, chronemics)