Topic
Common Strong Acids
Common Alkalis
Hydrochloric Acid (Strong Acid)
HCl
Sulphuric Acid (Strong Acid)
Nitric Acid
HNO3 (Strong Acid)
H2SO4
Acetic Acid (Strong Acid)
Melting point: -42 °C
Boiling point: 83 °C
Boiling point: -85.05 °C
Melting point: Concentration-dependent
Boiling point: 337 °C
Melting point: 10 °C
CH₃COOH
Boiling point: 118 °C
Melting point: 16.6 °C
Sodium Hydroxide
Ammonia
Lime Water
Ca(OH)2
NaOH
Method for Preparing insoluble salts
NH3
Moderate Alkalinity
High Alkalinity
Moderate Alkalinity
Definitions
Strong Acid: An acid solute that completely dissociates completely into ions when dissolved.
Alkali: A solution which contains excess OH^- ions, turns litmus paper blue and has a PH of more than 7.
Acid: Acids are molecular compounds that dissolve in water to produce hydrogen ions and an anion. Bases are ionic compounds consisting of hydroxide ions and a cation.
1) Grab your goggles to protect your eyes.
2) Mix the silver chloride solution with the sodium chloride solution in the beaker and then filter the mixture.
3) Rinse the beaker with some bits of distilled water so that the solution can easily slow and then pour this through the funnel.
4) Pour a little amount of distilled water over the precipitate in the funnel.
5) Carefully remove the filter paper containing the precipitate and dry it in a warm oven or out in the sun.
Reactivity Series (As you go down the list, the reactivity decreases)
Potassium
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminium
Carbon
Method for Preparing a salt from insoluble base
1) Gently heat 40ml of sulphuric acid
Zinc
Iron
Tin
Lead
Hydrogen
Copper
Silver
Gold
2) In the beaker add copper oxide(one spatula at a time), until no more will dissolve – you will see excess black powder in beaker.However, make sure you calmly stir it.
3) Allow beaker to cool and then pass through filter paper into conical flask.
4) Evaporate filtered solution over your bunsen burner.
Indicators
Methyl Orange
Phenolphthalein
Litmus Paper
Acid: Red
Alkali: Blue
Acid: Red
Alkali: Yellow
Acid: Colorless
Alkali: Pink
Salts: Salts are ionic compounds that consists of the positive ion (CatIon) of a base and the negative ion (Anion) of an acid.
Neutrelisation: A chemical reaction where an acid and a base react together.
Base: A base is a substance that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen ions.
Reactions of acids
Acid + Metal Hydroxide -------> Salt + Water
Acid + metal -------> Salt + Hydrogen
Acid + Metal Oxide -----> Salt +Water
Solubility
Common Salts of sodium, potassium and ammonium
Nitrates
Chlorides
Common sulphates
Common Carbonates and Hydroxides
Insoluble (except for sodium, sodium potassium and ammonium)
PH Scale
Soluble (except silver chloride and lead chloride)
Soluble
Soluble
Soluble (Except lead, barium and calcium sulphate
Acid + Metal Carbonate ------> Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
PH 0-6 Acidic
PH 8-14 Alkaline
PH 7 Neutral
Method for making soluble salts
1) Measure out a set amount of acid into a chronicle flask using a pipette.
2) Add a few drops of indicator
3) Slowly add alkali to the acid, using a burette until you reach the endpoint, this is when the acid has been completely neutralized and the indicator changes color
3) Carry out the reaction using exactly the same volumes of acid and alkali but with no indicator. So the salt wont be easily contaminated with the indicator.
4) The solution that remains when the reaction is complete contains only salt and water
Slowly evaporate some of the water and then leave the solution to crystallise.