Psychology
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 3
genetics
Alleles
Dominate or recessive
DNA
Cells of Nervous System
neurons
glia
communication
soma
dendrites
psychological disorders
Parts of Nervous System
brain
spinal cord
somatic and autonomic
sensory and motor signals
the function of our organs and glands
fight or flight
Brain and Spinal Cord
two hemispheres
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
cerebral cortex
thalamus
limbic system
brainstem
brain damage
CT, PET, MRI, fMRI, and EEG.
Endocrine System
hormones
hypothalamus
pituitary, master gland
thyroid secretes thyroxine
stress response
sexual motivation and behavior
Stages of Sleep
Sleep Problems
Substance Abuse
Other States of Consciousness
alpha waves
theta waves
REM sleep
NREM sleep
Dreams
Insomnia
Parasomnias
RBD
restless leg syndrome
night terrors
DSM-5
Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines
GABA neurotransmission.
Cocaine, amphetamine, cathinones, and MDMA
nicotine and caffeine
Hypnosis
Meditation
Vision
Hearing
cornea
pupil
retina
rods
fovea
optic nerve
sound waves
auditory canal
vibrations
ossicles
cochlea
Pitch perception
basilar membrane
deaf
blind
The trichromatic theory
monocular and binocular
hearing loss
Chapter 6
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
Observational Learning
Pavlov
associative learning
events that repeatedly happen together
reflexive response
Stimulus
Watson
B. F. Skinner.
motivation for a behavior happens after
consequence
reinforcer or a punisher
likelihood
Bandura
watching others and then modeling what they do or say
specific steps
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
Children
Chapter 7
Language
Problem Solving
Intelligence/Creativity
communication system
acquisition
a predictable sequence
thoughts
different strategies
trial and error
applying algorithms
heuristics
smaller steps
Roadblocks
mental set, functional fixedness, and various biases
complex characteristic of cognition
Sternberg
Gardner
WAIS-IV and WISC-V
Binet
Wechsler
Genetics and environment
disabilities
Chapter 8
Memory Functions
Memory Problems
Enhance Memory
encoding, storing, and retrieving
automatic or effortful processing
conscious awareness
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
stimuli
short-term
long-term
permanent
Karl Lashley
engram
cerebellum, hippocampus, and amygdala
neurotransmitters
Life events
flexible and prone to many errors
brain trauma or disease
amnesia
encoding failure
never stored it in our memory
Schacter
interference
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
mnemonic devices
rehearsal
self-referencing
adequate sleep
Chapter 9
Lifespan Development
Lifespan Theories
Stages of Development
Death
change and grow
developmental psychologists.
lifelong process
physical, cognitive development, and psychosocial
nature versus nurture
Sigmund Freud
psychosexual stages
erogenous zones
Eric Erikson
psychosocial development
cognitive development
Lawrence Kohlberg
moral development.
Jean Piaget
germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage
physical, cognitive, and psychosocial skills
infancy through late adulthood
Parenting styles
puberty
endpoint of our lifespan
Kübler-Ross
five-stage model of grief
hospice care
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Motivation
Hunger and Eating
Sexual Behavior
Emotion
internal and/or external factors
instincts
Bandura
self-efficacy motivates behaviors
social motives
Abraham Maslow
hierarchy of needs
lower-level physiological needs to the very high level of self-actualization
person maintaining a fairly stable weight that is resistant to change
calories
store excess energy as fat
health risks and problems
cardiovascular disease
type 2 diabetes
certain cancers
Sociocultural factors that emphasize thinness
eating disorders
hypothalamus
structures of the limbic system
motivation to engage in sexual behavior and our ability to do so are related, but separated
Alfred Kinsey
diversity of human sexuality
sexual orientation and gender identity
Bisexual
Transgender
intersex
gender non-conforming
homosexual
heterosexual
Non-binary
asexual
pansexual
subjective experiences
physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal
James-Lange
Cannon-Bard
Schachter-Singer
limbic system is the brain’s emotional circuit
psychological mood and anxiety disorders
posttraumatic stress disorder
cultural display rules
Tone of voice and body language
Personality
Freud
Neo-Freudians
Approaches
Cultural understanding
Hippocrates
Freud’s psychodynamic perspective
early childhood experiences
learning, humanistic, biological, trait, and cultural perspectives
first comprehensive theory of personality
the id, ego, and superego
ego is to balance
develops through a series of psychosexual stages
pleasure focuses on a specific erogenous zone
moral ideal is superego
id is the drive
failure to satisfy can lead to a fixation
psychologists whose work followed from Freud’s
childhood experiences matter
decreased the emphasis on sex
Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson, and Karen Horney
philosophical rather than based on sound scientific research
information from their patients
Learning
Biological
Humanistic
significantly shaped and impacted
B. F. Skinner
response tendencies
Mischel
Albert Bandura
self-efficacy
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
healthy individuals
self-actualized
free will
self-determination
genetics
environmental factors
family interactions
maturation
children’s personalities are expressed
most important environmental factors
strength of personality traits varies across cultures
Individualist cultures and collectivist cultures place emphasis on different basic values
Individualist - independence, competition, and personal achievement are important
collectivist - social harmony, respectfulness, and group needs
cultural-comparative approach, the indigenous approach, and the combined approach
Chapter 12
Social Psychology
Self presentation
Attitudes and Persuasion
Obedience
Prejudice
Aggression
Prosocial Behavior
subfield of psychology
power of the situation to influence individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
personality
cultural and other social influences
behavior
fundamental attribution error
individualistic cultures
collectivistic cultures
social roles, norms, and scripts
cultural knowledge
role in society
behavior that is appropriate or inappropriate
Stanford prison experiment
evaluations or feelings toward a person, idea, or object
positive or negative
external forces
internal influences that we control
cognitive dissonance
individuals can change their behavior, attitudes, or cognitions, or add a new cognition
advertising
central route
peripheral route
power of the situation
conform
go along with the group
desire to fit in
desire to be accurate and gain information
Authority figures
groupthink
social loafing
conflict
different from each other
negative feelings and evaluations
different social group
can be based on gender, race, ethnicity, social class, sexual orientation, or a variety of other social identities
scapegoat
seeking to cause another person harm or pain
Hostile aggression
instrumental aggression
Bullying
adolescent population
physical, psychological, emotional, or social abuse
negative mental health consequences
suicide
Cyberbullying
harassment
diffusion of responsibility
Altruism
empathy
egoistic
necessity for social beings
relationships
close to us in proximity and people with whom we share similarities
reciprocity and self-disclosure
physically attractive
consummate love
Chapter 15
Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
PTSD
Mood Disorder
Schizophrenia
Dissociative Disorders
Personality Disorders
abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
atypical or violate social norms
significant disturbances
dysfunction (biological, psychological, or developmental),
DSM-5
237 specific diagnosable disorders
experiences excessive, persistent, and distressing fear and anxiety
include specific phobia
social anxiety disorder: extreme fear and avoidance of social situations
panic disorder: suddenly overwhelmed by panic even though there is no apparent reason to be frightened
agoraphobia: an intense fear and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape
generalized anxiety disorder
Posttraumatic stress disorder
shell shock and combat neurosis
stress of active combat
experience of a traumatic or profoundly stressful event, such as combat, sexual assault, or natural disaster, produces a constellation of symptoms that must last for one month or more
flashbacks, avoidance of stimuli or situations that are connected to the event
feeling detached from others, irritability, proneness toward outbursts
experiences severe disturbances in mood and emotion
bipolar
depressive disorders
episodes of profound sadness and loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities
chronic state of sadness
sadness and euphoria
extreme euphoria, irritability, and increased activity
complete breakdown in one’s ability to function in life
Thinking is incoherent and disorganized
behavior is extremely bizarre, emotions are flat, and motivation to engage in most basic life activities is lacking
genetic factors play a central role in schizophrenia
Neurotransmitter and brain abnormalities
obstetric complications or exposure to influenza during the gestational period
dissociated from their sense of self
memory and identity disturbances
dissociative amnesia, depersonalization/derealization disorder, and dissociative identity disorder
unable to recall important personal information, often after a stressful or traumatic experience
exhibits two or more well-defined and distinct personalities or identities
personality style that is inflexible, causes distress and impairment, and creates problems for themselves and others
10 personality disorders
odd and eccentric
impulsive, dramatic, highly emotional, and erratic
nervous and fearful personality style
borderline personality disorder
antisocial personality disorder
instability in mood, behavior, and self-image, as well as impulsivity
inappropriate anger
Chapter 16
Treatment
Treatment Modalities
Substance related
psychological disorders, or those exhibiting strange behavior, were possessed by demons
asylums were built to house the mentally ill, but the patients received little to no treatment
Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix
primary care physician
goal of the therapist is to help a person uncover buried feelings by using techniques such as free association and dream analysis
Play therapy
behavior therapy
Cognitive therapy
Humanistic therapy
individual therapy, group therapy, couples therapy, and family therapy
client works one-on-one with a trained therapist
group therapy, usually 5–10 people meet with a trained group therapist to discuss a common issue
Couples therapy involves two people in an intimate relationship who are having difficulties and are trying to resolve them.
goal of this approach is to enhance the growth of each individual family member and the family as a whole
Addiction is often viewed as a chronic disease that rewires the brain
relapse rates tend to be high
addict stop compulsive drug-seeking behaviors
Sometimes a person has comorbid disorders