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ENZYME INHIBITORS - Coggle Diagram
ENZYME INHIBITORS
BENAZEPRIL
b) Discuss the mechanism action and how it can treat the disease.
Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor. It helps to lower the blood pressure by blocking vasoconstrictive activities, causing vasodilation. Benazeprilat reduces angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion, resulting in rise in sodium excretion and rise in water outflow.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Benazeprilat will fight with angiotensin I for binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) to prevent angiotensin I from being converted to angiotensinII.
Angiotensin II levels in the blood are reduced when ACE is inhibited.
Benazepril is a prodrug that processed to its active form which is Benazepprilat.
c)Side effect of benezepril
serious effect
Muscle weakness
Irregular heartbeat
Fainting
common effect
Headache
Dry cough
Dizziness
a) Disease this drug treat and discuss the pathophysiology of the disease.
Hypertension is increasing in blood pressure that can lead to end-organ damage as well as an increase in morbidity and death. The product of cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance is blood pressure. As a result, patients with arterial hypertension may experience an increase in cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, or both.
Treat high blood pressure(hypertension)
d) Drug-drug and food-drug interactions
DRUG-DRUG
Acarbose
It can increase the risk or severity of hypoglycemia.
Acebutolol
It can increase the risk or severity of hyperkalemia.
Ibuprofen
It reduces the effect of benazepril which lowering blood pressure
Aceclofenac & Acemetacin
It can increase the risk or severity of renal failure, hyperkalemia, and hypertension.
FOOD-DRUG
FOOD HIGH IN POTASSIUM
Benazepril (ACE inhibitor) caused our body to store potassium.
Caused hyperkalemia which means our body have an excess of potassium.
ALCOHOL
Increase the side effect of benezepril.
Drinks alcohol with benezepril will lower the blood pressure.
ALLOPURINOL
c)Side effect of Allopurinol
serious effect
swelling of your face or throat
fever
trouble breathing
common effect
diarrhea
gout flare-up (if you have gout)
skin rash
d)Drug-drug and food-drug interactions.
FOOD-DRUG
Alcohol will reduce the effectiveness of allopurinol.
Avoid food high in purines such as seafood. Purines make gout become worst,
DRUG-DRUG
Allopurinol + Ampicillin/amoxicillin.
Increased risk of a skin rash.
Allopurinol + Chlorpropamide.
Allopurinol may cause chlorpropamide to stay in your body longer. It will raise the risk of low blood sugar
Allopurinol + Mercaptopurine
Allopurinol increase the blood levels of mercaptopurine in your body.
b) Discuss the mechanism of action and how it can treat the disease.
TREAT DISEASE
KIDNEY STONES
Help to prevent the formation of kidney stone.
Reduce the uric acid in the urine by preventing purines from being breaking down into uric acid.
GOUT
Reduce the gout symptoms like swelling and feel pain at the affected joint.
Take regularly may help to decrease the number of gout attack and prevent joint damage.
Allopurinol helps to lower the uric acid in the body.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Allopurinol's effects are due to the inhibition of this enzyme. By using the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase), this drug aid the regenerationn of hypoxanthine and xanthine for nucleotide and nucleic acid synthesis.
Allopurinol is a xanthine oxidase enzyme inhibitor that used to reduce the urate level.Hypoxanthine is metabolized to xanthine, and xanthine is metabolized to uric acid by the enzyme xanthine oxidase.
a) Diseased this drug treat and discuss the pathophysiology of the disease.
Gout is caused by an excess of uric acid in the body and known as hyperuricemia. Uric acid crystallizes in the joints, tendons, and tissues, producing deposits Some symptoms to detect gout are swelling and feeling pain at the effected joint.
Treat gout
CELECOXIB
a) Disease that this dug can treatand discuss the pathophysiology of the disease.
The immune system of the body targets the joint and its tissue lining, known as synovium or synovial membrane. Bone degradation, pain, stiffness, edema, and other symptoms may result from chronic synovial inflammation.
Treat rheumatoid arthritis or RA( autoimmune disorder)
b) Discuss the mechanism of action and how it treat the disease.
TREAT DISEASE
The COX-2 inhibitor will block the COX-2 enzyme when celecoxib is taken, resulting in the enzyme's activity being inhibited in the body.COX-2 inhibition will result in a reduction in the production/synthesis of prostaglandin.
As a result, there will be no inflammation and the body will be free of pain.
Consumed Celecoxib or a COX-2 inhibitor to block the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 is activated in the body by pro-inflammatory cytokinesis. COX-2 can also be converted to a prostaglandin by arachidonic acis (AA)in the body.
MECHANISM OF ACTION
It also blocks the signaling pathway of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1).
Celecoxib inhibits the carbonic anhydrase enzymes 2 and 3, which improves its anticancer capabilities
Celecoxib reduces prostaglandin levels by inhibiting the enzyme that makes them (cyclooxygenase 2).
Celecoxib kills cancer by binding to the protein cadherin-11 (CDH11), which is found on the surface of cells.
c) Side effets of celecoxib.
headache
nausea
fever
heartburn
d) Drug-drug and food-drug interactions
FOOD-DRUG
Take with food if celecoxib is >400mg
Take without food if celecoxib is up to 200mg.
Alcohol increase the risk of irritation of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular complication.
DRUG-DRUG
Celecoxib and Canakinumab – The combination of these drugs increased the metabolism of Celecoxib
Celecoxib and Pitolisant – Increase the risk of adverse effects when consumed both drugs
Celecoxib and Levomenthol – Increase the risk of hyperkalemia