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Cognitive Explanations of Depression. - Coggle Diagram
Cognitive Explanations of Depression.
Albert Ellis ABC Model 1962.
Ellis proposed that many problems are caused by irrational and self defeating beliefs that put unreasonable demands on the individual
Ellis particularly focuses on how self-defeating attitudes can cause problems when something unpleasant happens.
For example:
Failing a driving test.
Ellis believed that
activating events (A)
in an individual's life have
consequences (C)
such as feelings and actions.
However, these consequences are affected by
beliefs (B)
about certain events.
Examples:
Activating event (A) = Rational belief (B) = Healthy emotion (C).
Activating event (A) = Irrational belief (B) = Unhealthy emotion (C).
A Get fired from work = B believe they've always had it in for you = C depression
A gets fired from job = B believe it was due to being late everyday = C learns from mistakes and tries to be more organised.
Mustabatory Thinking.
The source of irrational beliefs lies in mustabatory thinking.
The idea that thinking certain ideas or assumptions must be true in order for an individual to be happy.
Three most important irrational beliefs:
I must be approved of and/ or accepted by people I find important.
I must do well or I am worthless.
The world must give me happiness or I die.
Other irrational assumptions include: Other must live up to my expectations or it is the end of the world.
An individual who holds such expectations is bound to be disappointed and risk of becoming depressed.
An individual who fails an exam becomes depressed not because they failed it but because they hold an irrational belief regarding that failure = I must do well so I must get an A if I don't I am stupid and worthless.
In order to treat depression which arises out of negative thinking, such irrational thoughts need to be challenged and turned into more positive beliefs.
Becks Negative Triad.
Beck believes that depressed people think as they do because their thinking is biased towards negative interpretations of the world and they lack a perceived sense of control.
Negative schema:
Depressed people have acquired a negative schema during childhood. It becomes a tendency to adopt a negative view of the world.
This may be caused by a variety of factors: parental and peer rejection or criticism by teachers.
These negative schemas are activated when individuals encounters a new situation often expecting to fail.
Negative schemas led to
systematic cognitive biases
in thinking.
For example:
Individuals over generalise, drawing a sweeping conclusion regarding self-worth on the basis of one small negative piece of feedback.
One of the clearest examples of the cognitive approach to psychopathy is Beck's model of depression, known as the negative triad. Beck uses the term negative triad to refer to the three main forms of negative thinking as negative views.
The self
I am plain, undesirable, unattractive and seem to bore everyone.
The world.
Everything is against me. Even my boyfriend left me. Everyone prefers other people to me.
Future.
Nothing will ever change. I am always going to be one my own.