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Accent and Dialect :silhouettes: - Coggle Diagram
Accent and Dialect :silhouettes:
Labov
Martha's Vineyard
He interviewed 69 people of
different social groups
eg. age and ethnicity, to see their pronunciation of the
dipthongs /ai/ and /au/
(as in m
i
ce and m
ou
se).
The Vineyarders pronounced these
dipthongs as /au/ and /ai/
whilst the tourists mainly used
/əu/ and /əi/
, which created a group identity for the Vineyarders as different to the tourists.
New York Shops
Labov studied how people used the
post-vocalic /r/
(as in c
ar
or gi
rl
or t
ire
) in shops of three different prestiges.
He found that middle class speakers in prestigious shops used this
post-vocalic /r/
the most.
Terminology
Covert Prestige
Non standard varieties of English.
Overt Prestige
Standard English, usually acknowledged as correct.
Long Term Accommodation
When moving to another country or city and interacting with people with different accents for a long time you will start to change your accent to match their's.
Dialect Levelling/Homogenisation
When
parts of accent and dialect disappear
and begin to
sound similar
, some
regional features will get lost
and be replaced by features with a wider distribution.
Trudgill
Study of Norwich speech
They looked at how people in different social classes in Norwich used the
velar nasal /ɳ/
(as in walki
ng
and runni
ng
) and found that working class speakers used the
alveolar /n/
(as in walki
n'
and runni
n'
).
Eckert
Study of the Jocks and Burnouts
She looked at how two different
social groups
spoke.
The Jocks spoke in
overt prestige
, whilst the Burnouts had a more
urban accents.
The Jocks hated the Burnouts speech for being ungrammatical and not articulate enough. However, the Jocks spoke like their parents.
Bernstein
Language, Social Class and Education
He claimed that working class speakers used a
restricted code
whilst middle class speakers used an
elaborated code.
This led to a
deficit model
of language and is associated with working class speakers.
Lave and Wenger
Communities of Practice
They made this to describe language varieties in
social groups
.
They identified three standards
Mutual Engagement
Negotiated Enterprise
Shared Repertoire
Milroy
Study of Belfast
She studied accents through social networks. Based on the
density and multiplexity
the
higher the social network score, the more likely they had a stronger accent.
This was not about gender because unemployed males would have a weaker accent than employed females and vice versa.
Kerswill
Hierarchical Geographical Diffusion
Language (both accent and dialect) will spread to cities and towns starting with a
highly populated urban city
to
small less populated towns.
Howard Giles
Convergence
Changing your speech to be
closer
to the other person's,
decreasing the social distance.
Divergence
Changing your speech to be
different
to the other person's,
increasing the social distance.
Accommodation Theory
How you
change your speech
to accommodate someone and
decrease the social distance.
Matched Guise Theory
Giles performed a speech in multiple different accents to test the
status and solidarity
of each accent.
RP
was found to have
lots of status but no solidarity
whereas,
Northern accents
were found to have
lots of solidarity but no status.
Overall,
RP has a higher social status whereas, northern accents are more trustworthy.
Grice's Maxims
Maxim of Quantity
- Don't say too much or too little.
Maxim of Manner
- Avoid ambiguity and obscurity.
Maxim of Relevance
- Be relevant to the current topic or context.
Maxim of Quality
- Be truthful.
Robin Lakoff
Politeness Principles
Make the receiver feel good
Don't Impose
Give Opinions
Moor
Study of Bolton
She studied two social groups of girls in a school in Bolton.
The Eden Village girls
participated in school clubs and socialised at each other's houses,
spoke in RP.
The Popular's
who did drama and were more likely to get told off,
spoke in
covert prestige.
Professor David Crystal
He said that groups and bonding are especially important in teenage girls, so if there was a language feature that is seen as cool or trendy, you are almost certainly going to see it spreading like wildfire in that particular age group.
ITV's Tonight Programme
They conducted that there was a social stigma attached to certain regional accents. A survey saw that people who spoke with a Liverpudlian or Birmingham accent were perceived as less intelligent and unfriendly.
Sounds of The Future
According to the report
Sounds of The Future
by linguistic experts at the University of York, the
queen's English is going to be very much dead in the next 50 years.