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LEDC, Solutions: Disposal of chemicals properly and wastewater treatment,…

- - - - The urban poor usually depend on biking or walking which is dangerous in the presence of motorised vehicles
      - Increases in private vehicles have led to reduced demand for and eroded the quality of public transport which usually have long waiting times, overcrowding and irregular stops
  - - - Statistics
        
        Around 40% of Brazil's population breathes air that is more polluted than WHO guidelines
        
        Brazil is ranked 68 in the world for the worst pollution rates
      - Information
        
        Vehicle emissions also lead to "photochemical smog"
        
        A type of smog produced when UV light reacts with nitrogen oxides produced by cars and forms a brownish haze
        
        Exhaust from cars can lead to asthma, bronchitis and lung damage
        
        Most LEDC's rank as the most air polluted cities in the world
        
        Exhaust emissions are highest in LEDC's because of fuel-inefficient technologies, high average vehicle age, poor vehicle maintenance, low quality fuels and severe traffic congestions
        
        Fossil fuels burnt by vehicles amount to 90% of urban pollution
    - - Statistics
        
        In a study, the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level for Brazil's roads with heavy traffic ranged from 70.88 to 80.18 dB(A) with a mean of 75.88 dB(A)
      - Information
        
        Noise pollution also creates the increased risk of damage to foundations from traffic vibrations
        
        Noise pollution has severe impacts on the mental health of humans and wildlife
  - - - Traffic congestions can take up to 3 hours of time away from commuters which can have large economic impacts
      - Traffic congestions have led to close to 3% of the annual GDP being lost which is millions of dollars
      - The main problem is around suboptimal road usage leading to frequent traffic congestions
      - There is also a massive loss of time
    - - In cities such as Sao Paulo, downtown weekday traffic speeds are at an average 15km per hour or less
      - Brazil's vehicle count has increased by more than 54% in around a decade. In 2020, there were approximately 46.2 million vehicles in the country
  - - - In 2020, a study showed that the states Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo charged more for a parking ticket than a bus ride
    - - Parking is a big issue in LEDC's as there is less financial
        resources, technological expertise or political will to address the issue
- - - - According to the World Bank's collection of development indicators, around 16.3% of Brazil's population in 2018 was living in a "favela" (Terminology for a slum in Brazil)
        
        A favela is a community built without any oversight from the government meaning it has no zoning, no building codes and no public services
    - - Many overpopulated cities have high unemployment leading to many unable to afford housing that meets regulatory health standards.
      - Some resort to settling in open fields or building unsafe shelters from discarded materials which can be highly unsafe.
  - - - Many people with no houses to live in or inadequate housing conditions resort to living in slums
      - Most slums in LEDC's have poor sanitation levels, lack of clean water, poor waste collection services, overcrowding and pest infestations which leads to an increased spread of diseases and lower immunities among residents
      - They also have high crime rates and a shortage of water
      - Houses are constructed of cheap building materials that are susceptible to natural disasters and fires which may lead to the buildings collapsing
      - Buildings are also not constructed on safe, stable land which makes then unsafe to live in
    - - Flash floods and mudslides killed more than 250 people in April and May 2010 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
      - According to a study conducted in Brazil, in 2010, there were around 22-44 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in favelas. Around favelas, this rate was around 48-129 per 100,000 people
  - - - These squatters are usually built upon abandoned or vacant land in peripheral areas susceptible to man-made and natural disasters making it unsafe to live there
      - Many rural migrants cannot afford legal housing so they have to build, buy or rent illegal housing
    - - Brazil's housing deficit is estimated at 6 million units, according to the national census. According to a national census conducted in Brazil, the country is deficit of around 6 million housing units needed to house the homeless population
      - In Rio de Janeiro, the homeless population has risen from 5000 to 15,000 from 2013 to 2016
- - - - Many use rivers to dump waste from homes and factories
      - Toxic rivers can contain toxic pollutants that make the water unsafe for human consumption, irrigation, to aquatic life and to groundwater resources
      - In many LEDC's, rivers in urban areas are like open sewers because of the lack of sanitation and sewerage systems
    - - Water abstraction in Brazil is around 425 metre-cube and effluent discharges are around 89 metre-cube a day
      - 15 million Brazilians living in urban areas do not have access to safe water
      - 25 million Brazilians living in rural areas have limited access to safe water, which is still far away from their homes
  - - - 2.3 million people in Brazil still practice open defecation
      - According to the World Bank, over 100 million Brazilians do not have access to adequate facilities, which are not shared with other homes, and where sewage is collected and treated safely
    - - A common space for waste dumping is "peri-urban areas" as they have the availability of open space and ease of access from central urban areas
        
        Peri-urban areas are areas of transition between urban and rural areas
      - This leads to groundwater and surface water pollution which makes the water supply unsafe for drinking and other commercial uses
      - In many LEDC's, waste management is poor and inefficient so urban waste often ends up in illegal dumps, open spaces, wastelands and drains or rivers
  - - - Poor air quality leads to significant health impacts on residents and layers of dust on outdoor surfaces
      - Air qualities in most LEDC's are very poor due to air pollution form vehicle exhausts, traffic congestion, smoke from domestic fires, outputs from factories, diesel generators and dust from construction and the city
    - - Air pollution kills around 49,000 Brazilians every year. Half these deaths are from outdoor pollution and half of these are from indoor pollution.