Many overpopulated cities have high unemployment leading to many unable to afford housing that meets regulatory health standards.

Flash floods and mudslides killed more than 250 people in April and May 2010 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Many people with no houses to live in or inadequate housing conditions resort to living in slums

Most slums in LEDC's have poor sanitation levels, lack of clean water, poor waste collection services, overcrowding and pest infestations which leads to an increased spread of diseases and lower immunities among residents

Some resort to settling in open fields or building unsafe shelters from discarded materials which can be highly unsafe.

Houses are constructed of cheap building materials that are susceptible to natural disasters and fires which may lead to the buildings collapsing

Buildings are also not constructed on safe, stable land which makes then unsafe to live in

According to a study conducted in Brazil, in 2010, there were around 22-44 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants in favelas. Around favelas, this rate was around 48-129 per 100,000 people

These squatters are usually built upon abandoned or vacant land in peripheral areas susceptible to man-made and natural disasters making it unsafe to live there

Many rural migrants cannot afford legal housing so they have to build, buy or rent illegal housing

Brazil's housing deficit is estimated at 6 million units, according to the national census. According to a national census conducted in Brazil, the country is deficit of around 6 million housing units needed to house the homeless population

In Rio de Janeiro, the homeless population has risen from 5000 to 15,000 from 2013 to 2016

A favela is a community built without any oversight from the government meaning it has no zoning, no building codes and no public services

Traffic congestions can take up to 3 hours of time away from commuters which can have large economic impacts

Traffic congestions have led to close to 3% of the annual GDP being lost which is millions of dollars

The main problem is around suboptimal road usage leading to frequent traffic congestions

Exhaust from cars can lead to asthma, bronchitis and lung damage

Most LEDC's rank as the most air polluted cities in the world

Exhaust emissions are highest in LEDC's because of fuel-inefficient technologies, high average vehicle age, poor vehicle maintenance, low quality fuels and severe traffic congestions

Fossil fuels burnt by vehicles amount to 90% of urban pollution

A type of smog produced when UV light reacts with nitrogen oxides produced by cars and forms a brownish haze

Noise pollution also creates the increased risk of damage to foundations from traffic vibrations

Noise pollution has severe impacts on the mental health of humans and wildlife

The urban poor usually depend on biking or walking which is dangerous in the presence of motorised vehicles

Increases in private vehicles have led to reduced demand for and eroded the quality of public transport which usually have long waiting times, overcrowding and irregular stops

Parking is a big issue in LEDC's as there is less financial
resources, technological expertise or political will to address the issue

In cities such as Sao Paulo, downtown weekday traffic speeds are at an average 15km per hour or less

Brazil's vehicle count has increased by more than 54% in around a decade. In 2020, there were approximately 46.2 million vehicles in the country

Around 40% of Brazil's population breathes air that is more polluted than WHO guidelines

Brazil is ranked 68 in the world for the worst pollution rates

In a study, the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level for Brazil's roads with heavy traffic ranged from 70.88 to 80.18 dB(A) with a mean of 75.88 dB(A)

In 2020, a study showed that the states Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo charged more for a parking ticket than a bus ride