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ATTACHMENT - Coggle Diagram
ATTACHMENT
a close two way emotional bond between two individuals in which each individual sees the other as essential for their emotional security
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strengths: controlled observations/practical application, Klaus and Kennels findings was that hospitals places mothers and babies in the same room after birth
weaknesses: hard to know what is happening, is it just a change in expression? (Gratier 2003)/observations do not tell us the purpose of synchrony and reciprocity (Feldman 2012)
role of the father- Schaffer and Emerson (1964) found majority of infants become attached at 7 months to their mother, second attachment forming months later, by 18 months 75% of infants had an attachment with father
what does bowlby say about fathers? less of a caregiver more of a playmate & childs preferred play companion
role of the father- Grossman (2002)- longitudinal study looking at both parents behaviour and its relationship to quality of attachments. found that quality of infant attachment with mothers related to attachments in adolescence. suggests fathers attachments is less important
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strengths: controlled conditions/positive influence- children with SA to their fathers go on to have better relationships with others
weaknesses: inconsistent/lack of findings on fathers-why dont fathers become primary attachments?/why arent children without fathers different? MacCallum and Golombok (2004)
Bowlbys monotropic theory (SO MAGIC): SO=social releasers- crying and looking cute
M=monotropy- forming one special attachment with your mother
A=adaptive advantage- attachments enable us to effectively adapt to our environment
G=good quality care- quality not quantity
I=internal working model- your first attachment forms template/schema for your later relationships
C=critical period- babies must form an attachment within the first 12 months otherwise they will be damaged
strengths: support for social releasers- Brazelton et al (1975), support for IWM- Bailey et al. (2007)
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Mary Ainsworth 3 types of attachment: Type A- IA, Type B- S, Type C- IR
Type A: (15%) show no interest when separated from mother, play happily with stranger, ignore mother after separation
Type B: (70%) show distress when separated from mother, avoidant of stranger, happy to see mother after separation
Type C: (15%) intense distress when separated from mother, fear of strangers, approach mother after reunion but will reject contact immediately
5 key behaviours Ainsworth looked for: proximity seeking, exploration and SBB, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, response to reunion
Strange situation: (look at flow chart) looking for 5 behaviours, recorded every 15 secs. found 15% were IA, 70% were S and 15% were IR
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individualistic culture: one which emphasises personal independence and achievements at the expense of group goals (e.g. UK)
collectivist culture: one which emphasises family and work goals above individual needs and desires-interdependence (e.g. Japan/China)
Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg- cultural variations of attachment meta analysis: inter vs. intra cultural differences, 32 studies from 8 countries. A=21%, B=67%, C=12%
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maternal deprivation: emotional and intellectual consequences of a separation between a child and their mother
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Bowlbys 44 thieves study: 44 young offenders, more than half were separated from their mother for longer than 6 months during first 5 years. 32% were affectionless psychopaths
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Schaffer & Emerson (1964) stages of attachment study: 60 glaswegian babies, babies and mothers were visited once every month for a year, and they again at 18 months. mothers were asked Q's. Between 25-32 weeks, 50% of babies started showing separation anxiety
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Stages of attachment: 1. asocial stage 2. indiscriminate attachment 3. specific attachment 4. multiple attachments
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later relationship types: Type A: not much involvement and not emotionally close, Type B: secure relationship, trusting, Type C: controlling and argumentative behaviour
Hazan & Shaver romantic love and attachment process study (1987): did a love quiz, 205 men and 415 women. percentages of adults in attachment types nearly match those of children in S.S.
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strengths (later relationships theory): research support- Kerns (1994) SA infants have better relationships later on in life, than IA infants who will have friendship difficulties
weaknesses (later relationships theory): issues with validity-using a questionnaire causes problems as it relies on self report/alternative explanations for continuity e.g. parenting style, childs temperament