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Globalisation - Coggle Diagram
Globalisation
EQ3 What are the consequences of globalisation for global development and the physical environment and how should different players respond to the challenges?
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Measuring development
Composite measures:
- Human development index: ranks countries according to their economic and social criteria eg. GDP and life expectancy
- Gender inequality index: measures gender inequalities related to reproductive health, empowerment and female labour force participation
Single measures:
- Income per capita: mean income of a group of people
- GDP: total output of goods and services within borders. Informal sector not taken into account
- Economic sector balance: the contribution of 4 economic sectors on the economy is calculated
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Global absolute poverty has halved since 2000 however the amount of people in relative poverty is increasing as the rich are getting richer and the cost of living is becoming more expensive
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Environmental losers: Countries that are producing the food and goods. Productive farmland is lost as it becomes exploited- loss of biodiversity and habitats. Intensive cash-cropping and cattle farming in poorer countries leads to loss of groundwater sources and soil erosion which is leading to increasing rates of drought
Social, political and environmental tensions
Social/ political tensions:
- Open borders, deregulation and FDI:
:check: Reduces social/political tensions :red_cross: Some cities who have a large influx of foreign migrants feel tensions arise because of the cultural differences and their loss of identity. Rise of anti-immigration groups eg,UKIP, BREXIT seen as an anti-immigration movement
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EQ2 What are the impacts of globalisation for countries, different groups or people and cultures and the physical environment?
The Global Shift
Winners:
Emerging countries eg. Asia
- Poverty reduction and waged work: Over 5 million have escaped poverty in China due to rapid industrialisation
- Education and training: High school achievement in Singapore is envied worldwide. More people are graduating from school and university
Global outsourcing of services to India and manufacturing to China
Losers:
Emerging countries
- Environment and resource pressure: acceleration of environmental decline as urbanisation, logging and cash cropping increases. Land has been ruined by over-exploitation, soil erosion and mining
- Infrastructure, the built environment and unplanned settlements: infrastructure has improved but it has cost older more traditional settlements and recreational spaces
Losers:
Developed nations which have become deindustrialised as production becomes expensive. Leads to a spiral of decline eg. Leicester
- High unemployment: people who lose their jobs move elsewhere to find them
- Crime: as cities become derelict laws are not enforced
- Depopulation: people live the cities for a better quality of life
- Contamination: former industrial sites are contaminated with toxic waste and waste products.
Economic migration
Growth of megacities:
- Rural-urban migration: Urban areas are seen as attractive because of their range of job opportunities, better healthcare and education. Rural areas have less job opportunities and people are learning of the 'outside world' because of technology
- Natural increase: as younger migrants are coming to the cities they are more likely to have children
- International migration: less important in the growth of emerging/developing megacities more important in developed megacities
Challenges of megacity growth
- Environmental sustainability: water and air pollution from industry can create health and environmental problems. Meteorological processes also affect cities
- Social sustainability: adequate urban housing, health care and education is a challenge in developing/emerging megacities. Being able to meet the needs of such a fast growing city is a challenge
Growth of global hubs is driven by international migration:
- Elite international migrants: welcomed by most governments as they can increase economic activity and will have a wider impact on the host country.
- Low waged international migrants: do jobs that those of the host country don't want to be doing, not actively encouraged by governments.
- Internal migration: more important in developing countries
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Economic and Political interdependence: Host countries may rely on international migrants to fulfil places in the job sector. Political interdependence arises when large numbers of migrants come from a particular country so that both countries can strengthen ties or create new ties
Global culture
Cultural diffusion is driven by globalisation:
- TNCs: promote their own ideologies. As many of them are from the Western world they impose western ideals on other countries through cultural imperialism. Through the acceptance of TNCs into their country other countries will be influenced leading to an emergence of a common culture
- Global media: largely controlled by TNCs but also influenced by non-western countries. Cultural exchange takes place
- Migration and tourism: people take their own culture with them and may share it with others. They may also be influenced by the culture leading to a blend of cultures.
Benefits, changing global attitudes:
- Disadvantaged groups: Paralympics have changed societal perspectives and provided role models because of media coverage
- LGBTQ+: coverage of gay pride has made it more globally accepted
- Minority groups: social media has shone light on global issues such as racism and discrimination
Costs, cultural erosion: Amazonian and Papa New Guinea tribes.
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Anti-globalisation movements eg, Iran banning the barbie doll