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Afghanistan, The Taliban was formed during the Soviet Afghan war as one of…
Afghanistan
Beginnings
Around the 7th century BC, the Median Empire became the first to conquer the region, and Persian culture dominated by the time of Alexander the great.
The Seleucids initially controlled the region, but lost part of it to the Mauryan Empire (305-303BC), while the rest declared independence and formed a Greco-Bactrian kingdom (256-125BC).
With the collapse of both the Seleucids and the Mauryan, Afghanistan expanded until a usurper split the kingdom into two around 180 BC
After many defeats at the hands of Parthia, the region was overthrown by nomads such as the Scythians and then by Parthia.
Forming an identity.
The Parthians had a rather decentralized empire, and the Suren kingdom (19-240) seceded, while in the North the tribes formed Kushan (30-375).
Kushan expanded and flourished, adopting Buddhism while Suren was conquered by the Sassanid. The Sassanids then conquered Kushan.
With the rise of Islam, many caliphates would rise and fall, with Afghanistan becoming independent multiple times and staying extremely diverse.
The Persian Saffarid Empire (861-1003) finally managed to convert the region to Islam, while Afghanistan kept getting new overlords until the Mongols.
After the fall of the Timurid empire in 1507, the region was split between Uzbeks, Safavids and Mughals, serving as a buffer zone between the later two.
Modern state
Ahmad Shah Durrani (1722-1772), one of Nadir Shah's Afghan commanders returned to the region and united the local tribes into the Durrani Empire (1747-1826)
Thus, he laid the foundations of modern Afghanistan, and is considered the father of the country.
The Durrani were overthrown by Dost Mohammad Khan (1793-1863), who formed the Afghan Emirate (1823-1926).
Fearing Russian expansion, the British overthrew Mohammad Khan in 1838, but their ill-equipped occupation was beaten in 1842.
Another British invasion in 1878 made Afghanistan a protectorate, retaining much of its autonomy until 1919, when they gained full independence after a brief war.
Modern Age
The Kingdom of Afghanistan (1926-1973) began to modernize the country until a bloodless coup lead to a 5 year Republic.
A communist coup ended the republic in 78 and caused the Soviet Afghan war (1979-1989), and in 92 the Islamic state overthrew the Communist regime.
The Islamic emirate took down the Islamic state in 96, but was beaten by a US backed coalition in 2001, with the creatin of a new republic in 2004.
As of 2021, US forces are to leave the country, and Taliban is to cut all ties with Al-Qaeda. The Republic of Afghanistan was not invited to the negotiations.
The Taliban was formed during the Soviet Afghan war as one of the many US funded militias, and it was responsible for the creation of the Islamic emirate.
Taliban gave Al-Qaeda a basis of operations to launch the 9/11 attacks, which is why the US invaded the country.
Alexander founded several important cities in the region, spreading Greek culture to it.
The Scythians are also the ancestors of the Mongols, Turks, Huns, dominating Southern Siberia during the 1st millennium BC.
The Kushan descended from the Uz tribes, which adopted the local customs, and their empire became wealthy with trade between China and Persia.
India seems to want to invest in Afghanistan, while Pakistan, which borders both and is a rival of India, seeks closer ties with China.