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Failure to Achieve Settlement - Coggle Diagram
Failure to Achieve Settlement
Why was it hard to achieve a political settlement in 1646/47?
Divisions
Scots - They want presbyterriansim across the UK, They don't trust Parliament
New Model Army - Break away groups like levellers became a new political group, Distrust of Parliament, Army are now becoming politisized
Parliament - There is a split within Parliament [Peace & War party]
Offers to Charles I
Newcastle Propositions 1646 - Presented to Charles by Parliament. Terms; Parliament will control the army for 20 years, Episcopacy would be abolished, Church of England would be reformed.
June 1647 - The Army kidnap Charles I from holdenby house and make their offer to Charles (The Heads of Proposals)
The Heads of Proposals 1647 - Terms; The army would be controlled by Parliament for 10 years, Religious toleraation
How Serious was the threat of Radicalism?
Political Radicalism
Levelers - The levelers had grown from the army. Included John Lilbourne, Richard Overton, and William Walwyn. Aims; Representation for (the vote) for the 'middling sort' - tradesmen/craftsmen, Religious toleration, The case of the army truly stated.
True Levellers 'Diggers' - a communist style approach and land shared equally
Putney Debates October 1647 - A debate between the Grandees and Agitators. Thomas Ireton/army leadership was a grandee and Rainsborough was an agitator. 800 levelers rebels and are quashed by Cromwell + Corkbush feild.
Religious Radicals
Quakers - Belifes; own relationships with god, god is within them
Independents - Belifes; Churches should be ran individually, gathered churches
Fifth Monarchists - Belifes; Messia was going to come again in 1666, General Harrison, Mostly made of officers and Chaplins
Seekers and Ranters - Belifes; God is perfect, God made man so he can do as he wishes, Sin is mans invention
Baptists and Anabaptists - Belifes; Deined infant baptsim
Why was there a Second Civil War?
Charles escaped from Army control
Charles escaped and went tot the isle of wright and allied with the Scots. The Scots realised the only way to ensure Presbyterrian worship was to ba allies with the king. Charles then signed the Engagement in 1647.
August 1648 - 2nd Civil War - Parliament win despite support from Wales and Yorkshire. Cromwell believes this is gods will.
The Engagement 1647 - Terms; Presbyterianism for 3 years, offers Charles the Scottish army to execute the 2nd Civil War.
Parliament Pass 'No Further Adresses' - Parliament will no longer negotiate with Charles
Why was Charles Executed?
2 months after Charles' death. The House of Lords was abolished.
Unrest had engulfed most of the country, this indicated that the people of England did not like the attempts of political or religious reform/life.
January 20th 1649 -Court set up; Judge Bradshaw + 150 commisioners chosen by the Rump parliament
Parliament withdrew it's 'No Adresses' in September and sent representatives to speak to the king.
Charges against Charles; Waged war on Parliament & Granted Commissions to Irish Rebels.
The Army had no intention of allowing an agreement between the king and parliament. They argued that Charles could not be trusted.
Parliament aim to renegotiate with Charles, The army are against parliament, leads to prides purge. Prides Purge 1000 army troops stops 110 royalist MP's from entering parliament this created the Rump Parliament.
They argued that the king had lost his right to be regarded as god's anointed & that he had lost the first Civil War.
Army Remonstrance Nov 1648 - Reject Charles as God's anointed, verdict on his defeat in 2nd Civil War because of belief In provenance, Called Charles a 'man of blood' and they no longer believe in the Divine Right of Kings
OVERALL: Charles prevaricates because of the division between his enemies. He hopes to regain the Crown. Henrietta Maria is on the content organising foreign troops.
OVERALL: Divisions contained because of common enemy Charles. Religious Radicalism can not be controlled long term.