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英文文法-高級簡化子句 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - 主動與被動孰優孰劣
        英文修辭有兩大要求：清楚與簡潔
        如果主詞相同、敘事的觀點連貫，會是比較清楚的
        
        以連貫性原則判斷不定詞片語的語態
    - - He will be the toughest guy
        You must deal with the guy
        =He will be the toughest guy that you must deal with
        =He will be the toughest guy to deal with
- - - - [That I am drinking good wine with friends] is my enjoyment
        Drinking good wine with friends is my genjoyment.
    - - 動詞的受詞
        
        Many husbands enjoy that they do the cooking.
        Many husbands enjoy doing the cooking
      - 介系詞的受詞
        
        He got used to something.
        He worked late into the night.
        =He got used to working late into the night.
    - - His favorite pastime is that he goes fishing on weekends.
        His favorite pastime is going fishing on weekends.
    - - 改成S+V+O+C的句型
        
        I imagined that a beautiful girl was singing to me SVO
        I imagined a beautiful girl singing to me. SVOC
      - 用所有格來處理
        
        That he calls my girlfriend every day is too much for me
        His calling my girlfriend every day is too much for me.
        名詞子句減化為Ving的型態、而主詞不能省略時
        大多可用所有格來處理主詞的部分
      - 加介系詞來處理
        
        I’m surprised that there is no index to the book.
        I’m surprised at there being no index to the book.
    - - That one is a teacher requires a lot of patience.
        Being a teacher requires a lot of patience.
      - That he was busy is no excuse for the negligence.
        =His being busy is no excuse for the negligence
        =Being busy is no excuse for his negligence.
  - - - I want that you should go.
        I want you to go.
      - It is kind that you can say so.
        It is kind of you to say so.
    - - 名詞子句有兩種
        一種是由直述句加連接詞that。減化時無意義的that要省略。
        另一種是由疑問句改造，通常以疑問詞來充當連接詞
        
        I don't know what I should do.
        I don't know what to do.
        
        如果是Yes/No question，沒有疑問詞，要製造名詞子句時就得添加whether
        I can't decide whether I should vote for the KMT
        =I can't decide whether to vote for the KMT.
  - - - That anyone is called a liar is the greatest insult.
        Being called a liar is the greatest insult.
        保留be -> being
      - 轉換成名詞
        I am looking forward to something
        I am invited to the party
        =I am looking forward to the invitation to the party
- - - - 一、連接詞是否保留
        while之類的看看省略之後讀者是否可能會錯意
      - 二、所謂「分詞構句」
        是否要保留 while屬於個人的選擇：若比較注重句子的清楚性就保留它，若比較注重簡潔性就省略它
      - 三、沒有be動詞與助動詞時
        那麼就會成為Ving的形式
      - 四、應該省略的連接詞
        表示原因的連接詞because, since... 等等通常要省略
      - 五、應該保留的連接詞
        反之，如果連接詞省略會造成句意不清，就得保留
        although, as if...
      - 六、being的運用
        be動詞在減化時要省略，但有些狀況下要以being的方式留下來
        As I am a student, I can't afford to get married.
        =As a student, I can't afford to get married
        =Being a student, I can't afford to get married.
      - 七、兼作介系詞的連接詞：before, after, since, as
        減化時要注意：它會被視為介系詞，故後面只能接名詞類
        Before he was in school, he used to be a naughty child
        Before being in school, he used to be a naughty child
      - 八、時態的問題
        After he wrote the letter, he put it to mail.
        =After writing the letter, he put it to mail
        =Having written the letter, he put it to mail
        Writing the letter, he put it to mail.（誤）
      - 九、Dangling Modifier的錯誤
        主詞只有在與主要子句相同時才可省略
        
        改變主要子句的結構，讓它的主詞與副詞子句的主詞相同
      - 十、所謂「獨立片語
        若主詞與主要子句不同就不能省略。這時可以選擇保留主詞，只省略be動詞和連接詞
      - 十一、保留主詞時的注意事項
        如果主詞不同而需保留，有兩點必須注意
        
        第一，連接詞要省略
        
        第二件注意事項是：後面必須配合分詞補語（現在分詞或過去分詞）才可明顯看出這是省略be 動詞的減化子句
  - - - 如果連接詞是before與after之類，減化後成為介系詞，後面只能接名詞類
      - 表示原因的連接詞because與since，減化後通常不能原樣留下來，要改成because of, as a result of之類的介系詞
        
        改為介系詞片語
        
        when近似的介系詞有on和upon
        
        because　→because of,
        
        although和介系詞despite或in spite of意思接近
- - - - 若有助動詞，可減化為不定詞
        He studied hard so that he could get a scholarship.=
        He studied hard to get a scholarship
      - 若只有普通動詞，一律變成Ving
        John remembers that he saw the lady before.
        John remembers seeing the lady before.
      - 所以，從屬子句減化時，如果沒有be動詞可以省略、又沒有助動詞可改成不定詞，做法就是一律加上-ing，使普通動詞變成Ving的型態留下來即可。