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HSP 3U: Introduction to Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology, Final…
HSP 3U: Introduction to Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology
Psychology
School of thought
Psychodynamic Theory
The 1st school of psychology
Created entire discipline of psychology
Scientific study of the mind and behaviour
Conscious mind
everything you think, know and imagine
mind and mental processes you know are happening
Unconscious mind
everything you do without thinking.
Ex: Breathing, sight and walking
"gut feeling" or "gut reaction"
Id, Ego, Superego
Id: Human desire in your subconscious
Caused by pleasure and instinct principal
Ego: Rational, conscious mind that balances impulse and pleasure with social needs/obligations
Superego: Thinks of others, morality, duty and care for others.
Exists in both conscious and unconscious mind
Sigmund Freud was the creator
Behavioural Psychology
Why we act and react to our environment
Focuses towards learning and human behaviour
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning
Classical conditioning: Neutral stimulus is associated with natural responses
Ex: You're driving and see a stop sign which causes you to press the break and stop because of instinct/reflex
Operant Conditioning: Responses are increased or decreased from reinforcement/punishment
Ex: Child told they won't get dessert if they don't finish all of their dinner
Teaches people how to act to get specific results
B.F. Skinner wanted to research and have a human take an action to see which results in a stimulus
Key terms
Reinforcement: Behaviour that's taught
Punishment: Behaviour that is untaught
Positive: Stimulus is added
Negative: Stimulus is removed
Observational Learning: Occurs through observation and imitation
Ex: Observing your math teacher using a formula and then trying it yourself
Developmental Psychology
How we change and what happens to us at different times in our lives
Sigmund Freud
stages focuses on the child's pleasure as they mature
Stages occur one after another but individuals can become fixated
Then focuses on earlier stages of psychosocial development due to unresolved conflict
Ex: oral, anal, phallic stage
Causes people to over or under indulge in that stage in adulthood
Could lead to behaviours like smoking, nail biting, overeating
Jean Piaget
Interested in why children's answers to an IQ test at different ages were quite different
Studied children through a case study
Lead to stages of cognitive development theories
These are influential in education and curriculum development
Ensures material is at an appropriate level
Harry Harlow
Believed that studying primates was appropriate to understand human behaviour due to the similarities
Believed infants formed an attachment to those providing nourishment to them
Curious about which urge was stonger
need for affection
satisfaction of physical needs
Surrogate Mother Experiment
Meeting emotional needs is crucial for attachment like physical needs
Ex: Monkey that didn't receive affection early in life often experienced psychological problems later on
Behaved in misdirected aggression and females become negligent/abusive
Erik Erikson
Believed humans continue to develop throughout their lifetime rather that just during their childhood
Believed individual growth may depend on society (not just personal experiences)
Believed that adolescents may sometimes experience "identity Crisis"
Depending on the society the teens live among, and concerns at the time, this can look differently for everyone
Humanistic Psychology
How individuals can reach their full potential
Understanding themselves and their behaviours
Looks at growth for their patients instead of how they developed
Humanistic psychologists
Believed that the client should be more involved in their own recovery not just relying on their therapists perspective of the issues
This method favored more qualitative approaches
Ex: Diary, accounts, questionnaires, interviews, and observations
Abraham Maslow
one of the founders of humanistic psychology
Developed hierarchy of needs
5 categories that dictate ones behaviour
safety
Security of: body, employment, morality, resources, health, family, property
love/belonging
Friendship, family, sexual intimacy
esteem
self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect for others and by others
Physiological
Breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, excretion, homeostasis
self-actualization
Morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts
3 needs
Transcendence needs
Person motivated by values which transcend beyond personal self
Aestheic needs
Appreciation and search of beauty, balance, form and etc
Cognitive needs
Knowledge, understanding, curiosity, exlopration, need for meaning an predictability
Hierarchy of Needs
Theory of motivation
Based on observing clients rather than on experimentation
Maslow's explains that basic needs must be fulfilled before higher order needs
Each needs needs to be met before moving onto the next
This theory made psychologists consider people's needs
Ex: like what happens if they're not met and new ways of thinking about motivation
Analytical Psychology
Who you are
how you react to life's situations
Carl Jung's theory
Self awareness is the key to overcoming the challenges we face in life
Analyzing our attitudes, motivations and reactions to challenges allows us to understand our personalities
once we understand the personality reacts unconsciously to life's challenges, we consciously attempt to change those patterns
This can influence the outcome
Believed in four personality types
Sensations (uses 5 senses)
Feelings (uses emotions)
Thinkers (uses reason)
Intuition (uses gut reaction)
personalities dictate how you interact with one another
Anthropology
School of thought
Functional theory
Idea that every belief, action or relationship meets the needs of individuals
importance of interdependence within a social system
Ensure its long-term survival
Meeting needs of individuals
Makes the culture as a whole successful
Cultural materialism
Marvin Harris pioneered it
materials or conditions within the environment
Ex:Climate, food supply, geography
influenced how a culture develops, creating the ideas and theories of a culture
Cultural materialists believe society develops on a trial and error basis
Ex: If something does not have potential or value to produce or reproduce in a society, it will disappear from it altogether
Postmodernism
belief that it is impossible to have any real knowledge about the world
postmodernists
believe anthropologists can't study their subjects in a detached or objective way
possibility of personal relationships developing between anthropologists and informants during observation
practice reflexivity
examine their own beliefs
examine their own judgements
examine their own practices
reflect on how they influence the research
Try to deconstruct or break down what a society believes to be true
Paleoanthropology
Studies humanoid fossils
see how we became the humans we are today
Studies Bones
Shape, Size, condition, teeth, and location of the bones can tell us living conditions, food resources, age range, basic idea of how they died and where they lived.
Studies tools
showed what tools early humans used, knew how to make and hints towards other discoveries
materials tells us the resources they had and what function they were possibly using it as
Studies art
When humans started making "art"
how early humans passed down knowledge and taught each other
what humans did for leisure and how big communities were that lived together
what animals were included in their diets and how to hunt them
See what life was like in the ancient world
Primatology
Studies primates to see how humans develop
culture
language
tools
socialization
Origins of primatology -Louis Leakey
influenced the primatology field as a paleoanthropologist
Believed we could learn more about ancient humans
Specifically by studying closely related primates
Sponsored some of today's famous primatologist
To live amongst/study primate societies
Chimpanzee Expert -Jane Goodall
One of Louis's researchers
Most famous primatologists
lived amongst chimpanzees
studied chimpanzee societies
Her research changed the way the world saw humans, monkeys and the distinction between the two.
Sociology
School of thought
Functionalism
Study of society as a large interdependent system
analyzes how elements of society need to function together
impacts the stability and well being of its members
Ex: Institution of family contribute by reproducing and raising members
Ex: For the human body (society) to function properly, all of its organs (institutions within a society) must work together
Conflic Theory
Most important human characteristic is the ability to be productive
Helps satisfy our needs
To get resources and power, different groups compete within the economy
Creates division in the social class
Ex: Individuals with more power than others (bosses, police, parents)
Symbolic Interaction
Society is studied at a small scale
Focused on beliefs and actions of the individual
Develops when having daily interactions
Most important human characteristic is to derive meaning from experiences and others
They shape our perceptions of certain objects
About ourselves and each other
Final Culminating!
By: Jessica Muma