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Soul, Mind an Body - Coggle Diagram
Soul, Mind an Body
Plato
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He believed the body belonged to the physical world and the soul belonged to the realm of the Forms.
Weaknesses:
His theory rests too heavily upon his theory of the Forms and we already understand that there are crucial flaws to this theory.
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The argument of opposites is the most fundamental flaw as it does not prove anything in relation to the soul.
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Immortal Soul
When we are learning, we are actually recalling knowledge that our soul previously knew before it incarnated the body.
Our body is what we see, hear- outward expansion. It relies on sense experience. Our bodies are unreliable because they are constantly changing, so are unreliable truths.
Plato believed that the body was split into three distinct parts, these were reason, appetite and emotion.
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Appetite is necessary to encourage us to look after the physical needs of our body, but if left unchecked it causes us to to drift towards useless pleasures.
Aristotle
He did not believe in the immortality of the soul. He thought that the soul was an attempt to distinguish between the living and the non-living. He thought that when the body dies, so doe the soul.
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Does not function independently form the body. It gives purpose to life, e..g if the body were an axe, the soul ahs the ability to chop.
Aristotle believed that the soul was the formal cause of the matter, as it gave the body matter and the principle life or a activity. It developed its shape.
Descartes
Pineal Gland- Descartes thought that this gland in the brain was where the soul and mind interacted. His reasoning followed that everything else on the head had double, apart from the pineal gland. The hormone actually produces melatonin, to regulate sleeping patterns. He believed it to be the 'seat of the soul', but scientific research has proved him wrong.
"I think therefore I am"- thought that the only thing he knew for certain that he could not doubt the fact be existed, because he was the one doing the doubting in the first place.
Believed the soul was the 'captain of the ship' and gave the analogy that it didn't just contla and give order, but they also had feelings and desires.
Believed the mind and body were separated. He believed that the soul could be the same intact thing if the body wasn't there either.
He did not trust his sense and believed that he could never know if what he was thinking was true, as he thought he could be dreaming or an evil genius could be controlling hom. Sceptic and a rationalist as he believed in the importance of reason.
The soul is easier to know than the body, the body is divisible and made up of separate parts but the mind is indivisible.
Richard Dawkins
Soul One
The dictionary or mythological definition that is commonly associated with the soul. Dawkins rejects this idea.
Soul Two
Our intellectual capability or a spiritual power. It is has developed our mental capacity and sensitivity.
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Dawkins argued that it was fabulous because humans have evolved to a stage where they are trying to discover a meaning of a life. It is better than the myth.
Origin of DNA
Believes science can explain human personality in terms of DNA and the workers of the brain. Science can now prove it. He believes humans were a total sum of DNA. DNA drives us and determines our characteristics.
He said that the soul provided an explanation that was temporary or the gas of science, but believed it was now too outdated and a mythological concept invented by people to attempt to explain the mysteries of consciousnesses.
However, empirical evidence supports the existence of the soul and argues that scientific beliefs are supported by evidence and are more reliable.
John Hick
Replica theory
If the soul survives death at the exact moment when God were to make an exact copy or replica of that person and their memories, the person would have everything intact.
The person who survived death would be identifies as the ne who dies with the exact same memories. They exist in a different space only observable by God.
Embodied personality
Without our bodies we would not be ourselves because our bodies are the source of character and personality.
Psychosomatic unity
Believed human bodies are i the state, where the soul and body are united in harmony together.
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Gilbert Ryle
'Category error'
He rejected the soul and body together and said the soul was a 'category error', as you are talking about a completely different thing,
He gave the example of a student visiting a university, they went to the labs, the classes, libraries etc. but at the end asked 'where is the university?' Ryle said this was a 'category error' as they are not a different type of the same thing, but rather a completely different thing.
The Ghost in the Machine
He said the soul is not an addition to a human being, But rather he describes it as a 'ghost in the machine'- because a person acts and responds to other other people. hey are not talking about a disembodied ingredient, but the whole person.
He argued we are talking about the whole pron, not just some of their mental and physical aspects.