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[1] Emergence of bipolarity REASONS [1945-55], ideological motivation,…

- - - - [4]
        
        stronger motivation
        
        democratic political system with greater political fluidity
        
        new leader (Roosevelt -> Truman)
        
        Parties - democratic vs republican
        
        Hawks vs doves
        
        [2]
        
        less important
        
        geographical location, ocean, complete superpower, less serious, historical experiences
        
        insecurity arising from position of strength: security of W.E., fear of losing SOI to USSR
        
        [3]
        
        less important
        
        economic superpower before 1945; least affected by and benefitted from WII but yet there was some real economic concern regarding falling demand, reduced markets and trade
        
        insecurity arising from position of economic strength: fear, pre-empt, maintain, enhance pre-war economic power. The memory of the Great Depression. Concerns with demand and markets
        
        [4]
        
        opening in W.E.
        
        LESS COERCIVE (invited in by W.E., especially UK and France)
        
        W.E. = US allies
        
        EVIDENCE (1):
        US moves to counter Sovietisation
        
        [1947] after Atlee announced his withdrawal of troops from Greece,
      - EVIDENCE (1):
        [14 August 1941] Atlantic Charter issued
        
        self-determination (free and democratic Europe) --> directly conflicted with Stalin's security concern, which could only be guaranteed with a zone of Soviet controlled states on the Russian border)
        
        open markets
        
        collective security
  - - - EVIDENCE (2):
        
        expansion into EE (Poland) in 1944 even before WWII had ended --> ideological conformity higher priority
        
        [1945-47] continued expansion in EE --> security increasingly taking precedence
        
        Tito, Yugoslavia
      - EVIDENCE (3):
        
        means outcome
      - [4]
        
        not as strong as USA in motivation
        
        socialist, authoritarian political system
        
        one-man show (Stalin) + his team, including Molotov
        
        [1]
        
        much more important than the USA
        
        historical invasion through the West, through EE (e.g. Poland) 3 times
        
        threats from US Wilsonian liberalism (EVIDENCE: 1947 US containment: explicit)
        
        security lay in expansion --> EVIDENCE: Stalinisation and Sovietisation, early and late phase. security 1st, ideology as a means to control and consolidate)
        
        EVIDENCE:
        
        willing to sacrifice economic improvement to safeguard their security (Marshall Plan)
        
        [2]
        
        much more impt than USA
        
        negative impact of WWII: economic devastation. resources were drained from delay in opening of the 2nd front, [Sep 1945] abrupt end of US Lend Lease aid etc.
        
        1947 onwards: economic concerns became increasingly secondary to border security concerns
        
        EVIDENCE:
        
        USSR and German reparation and repatriation of resources, COMECON to obtain resources from EE in longer term
        
        providing economic aid to EE satellites despite USSR economic problems; rejection of US Marshall aid
        
        [5]
        
        opening in E.E
        
        MORE COERCIVE, context of 1944 entering EE to remove Nazi influence using the Red Army; Sovietisation and Stalinisation, phases 1 and 2
        
        EE = USSR satellite states
  - - - [?]
        
        pro-US Western European leaders
        
        [?]
        
        more impt than USA but less than USSR
        
        negative impact of WWII - devastated, weakened
        
        fear of Soviet economic subversion and impact on border security
        
        may have been overly concerned, considering Soviet disinterest in WE
        
        [?]
        
        more impt than USA but less than USSR
        
        negative impact of WWII: economic devastation
        
        fear of Soviet economic subversion
        
        EVIDENCE:
        
        accepted US Marshall Plan, economic miracles in the 1950s
        
        [?]
        
        WE invited US in
        
        EE did not invite USSR, they were already present before 1945