5 Heart & Transport
Describe and explain the cardiac cycle, to include the role of the valves and the pressure changes occurring in the heart and associated vessels.
Explain how heart action is initiated and coordinated, to include the roles of the sino-atrial node (SAN),atrio-ventricular node (AVN), purkyne tissue and the myogenic nature of cardiac muscle.
Explain the need for transport systems in multicellular animals in terms of size, metabolic rate and surface area to volume ratio (SA:V).
Describe the different types of circulatory systems, to include single, double, open and closed circulatory systems in insects, fish and mammals.
Describe and explain the use and interpretation of electrocardiogram (ECG) traces, to include normal and abnormal heart activity e.g. tachycardia, bradycardia, fibrillation and ectopic heartbeat.
Describe the structure of the Heart (PAG)
Describe the formation of tissue fluid from plasma, to include hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure.
Explain the differences in the composition of blood, tissue fluid and lymph.
Describe and explain the structure and functions of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins, to include the distribution of different tissues within the vessel walls.
Explain the role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide, to include the reversible binding of oxygen
molecules, carbonic anhydrase, haemoglobinic acid, HCO3- and the chloride shift.
Describe and explain the oxygen dissociation curve for fetal and adult human haemoglobin, to include the Bohr effect and different affinities.