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Climate - Coggle Diagram
Climate
River Floods:
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• The banks of Indus and its tributaries overflow almost every year,
• In every 6 to 7 years, severe floods are experienced.
• 1955, 1973, 1978, the 80s and 90s have experienced serious floods that resulted in devastation.
Reasons of the Flood:
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• The human reasons include cutting of trees, failure to heighten embankments alongside rivers, and dam’s less capacity to store water.
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Benefits of Floods:
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• The Arabian Sea has high nutrients because of the high production of fish and these benefits are also attributed to the Indus river system.
Drought:
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• The poor countries experience mass death, illness, and famine because of it.
Types of Drought:
• Permanent Drought is when cultivation becomes impossible without irrigation. E.g. west Balochistan’s Chagai, Thal and Cholistan.
• Seasonal Drought is when there are well-defined dry and rainy seasons. E.g. southern Punjab, and Potwar Plateau.
• Invisible Drought is when there is water scarcity that can reduce crop production, but it is not severe enough to destroy these crops.
• Unpredictable Drought is when there is very low rainfall. It is experienced in humid climate areas only.
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Tropical Cyclones:
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• To counter these damages, flood monitoring systems, warning systems, and trained relief teams must be formed.
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Highland Climate Zone:
• It includes Western, North-Western and Northern highland.
Temperature:
• In the Northern Mountains, the summers are mild and short while in the Western Mountains, it is warm and dry.
• In highland, the winters are cold, snowy and long.
Rainfall:
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• The Northern Mountains (2000 m – 8000 m) experience heavy rainfalls while there is less rainfall in the Western Mountains (1000 m – 4000m).
Lowland Climate Zone:
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Rainfall:
• In the lowland, thunderstorms are very common.
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• In comparison to the Indus Plain, the foothills of the Northern Mountains and Potwar plateau are wet.
Coastline Climate Zone:
• It includes Karachi, Makran and Indus Delta’s southern coastal strip.
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Rainfall:
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• The Makran Coast experiences rain in winter whereas Karachi and Rann of Kutch experience it during monsoon.
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Pressure and Winds:
Summer:
• In the summer, the temperature is high in central Pakistan.
• Since the high temperature has low density, it rises and creates a low-pressure zone.
• In the sea area, the temperature is relatively low in summers as heat discharges at a slow pace.
• In sea areas, the pressure is high during summer.
• The monsoon winds travel from sea to land as a result heavy rainfall is experienced in the lower and upper Indus Plain.
Winter:
• In winter, a high-pressure area is created as the pressure increases gradually on the land of north-west Pakistan.
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Storms:
Thunderstorms:
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• From April to June (summer) and September to October (after monsoon) strong winds start to blow that is 60 km/hr to 80 hm/hr.
• As a result of these winds, hail and stormy rains start that destroy the crops.
Dust Storms:
• Dust storms are experienced due to low pressure in summer in Balochistan’s north-western and southern plains.
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Tropical Cyclones:
• The coastal areas occasionally experience destructive and heavy rains that are brought by the tropical cyclones from the Arabian Sea.