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PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC SCHOOLS, ACCEPTANCE AND COMMITMENT THERAPY (ACT),…

- - - - identifying and correcting distorted thoughts
      - behavioural homework
      - reality testing
  - - - systematic desensitisation
      - gradual exposure
      - modeling
      - reinforcement
    - - first wave
        
        empirical evidence
        
        neo-behaviourism and behaviour analysis
      - second wave
        
        contingencies that control observations
        
        methodological behaviourism
        
        exposure-based therapies, DBT, MBT
      - third wave
        
        contextual, experiential, function over form
        
        less emphasis on the content of thoughts
        
        focus on enhancement, rather than pathologising
- - - - use of reflection
      - creation of a warm, accepting therapeutic relationship
  - - - identifying and challenging irrational beliefs
      - behavioural homework assignments
- - - - free association
      - dream analysis
      - interpretation
  - - - direct analysis of client's defences and transference relationships
- - - - predicting and influencing human behaviour
        
        ongoing interaction between organisms and contexts
      - sensitivity to the role of historically and situationally defined contexts
    - - seeking out an appreciation of the whole event through personal appreciation of the individual
      - hermeneutics, dramaturgy, feminist psychology
  - - - nonarbitrary stimulus relations
        
        relations defined through related events
        
        new objects can be learned through existing relations
  - - - attached relations of a painful situation
- - - - dwelling, 'reliving' painful experiences
- - - - quicksand metaphor
        
        if you struggle, you sink; if you stop struggling, you float
      - the stuggle switch metaphor
        
        once we're met with a painful emotion, we switch on the struggle switch
        
        you get anxiety about your anxiety, you amplify your (reactive) emotions
        
        with the struggle switch off, you do not invest time in struggling with anxiety
      - clean vs. dirty discomfort
        
        clean discomfort
        
        natural struggles
        
        primary reaction to something hurtful
        
        dirty discomfort
        
        additional struggles
        
        lingering on how wrong this 'hurtful' thing is
    - - self-sustaining and self-amplifying
      - emotional control strategies
  - - - allowing unplelasant feelings to come and go without struggling or avoiding them
      - are you willing to deal with unpleasantness fully, without defence
    - - observing language without being caught up in it
      - thoughts are nothing more or less than transient private events and are not threatening
    - - a continuity of consciousness
        
        cognitions are an aspect of you, but they are not the essence of who you are
      - distinction between you and your struggles
    - - give life meaning
      - ''classroom professor'' metaphor
    - - moving towards your chosen directions
    - - you can only accurately perceive what is really happening in the experience of the current moment
  - - - identifying whether the used ''controlling strategies'' are working
    - - learning that it's virtually impossible to control automatic thoughts
    - - eroding verbal, relations, and increasing behavioural flexibility
    - - perspective taking
        
        observer exercise
    - - involves cognitive defusion and exposure
    - - focusing away from verbal processes
  - - - human language
    - - contact with the present moment
      - acceptance
      - defusion
      - self as context
    - - contact with the present moment
      - values
      - committed action
      - self as context
- - - - influenced by core beliefs
      - CBT helps you become more aware of these
- - - - associative networks of fear structures
      - avoidance behaviours
    - - PTSD
      - imaginal exposure
      - in vivo exposure
      - revisiting the traumatic memory
        
        processing of the content
    - - imaginal exposure
      - in vivo exposure
      - OCD
      - refraining from compulsive behaviours
    - - panic disorder
        
        interventions
        
        psychoeducation
        
        physical sensations
        
        alarming thoughts
        
        avoidance behaviour
        
        making a fear hierarchy
      - desensitisation
    - - interventions
        
        task concentration training
        
        self-focused attention (SFA)
        
        task-focused attention
        
        environment-focused attention
        
        monitoring safety behaviours
        
        behavioural experiments
        
        in vivo exposure
        
        imaginal exposure
  - - - PTSD
      - mistaken beliefs prevent the patient from processing the emotions surrounding the traumatic memory
      - identifying ''stuck points'' and changes in beliefs
      - impact statement
        
        identify stuck points or cognitive distortions
    - - identifying and altering distorted cognitive beliefs about the significance of intrusive thought
- - - - psychoeducation
        
        cycle of depression
        
        triggers
        
        thoughts
        
        feelings
        
        behaviours
        
        1 more item...
      - day-to-day journaling
      - examining/changing negative thought patterns
        
        replacing negative automatic thinking by realistic/positive thinking
        
        thought record
    - - chronic depression
      - interpersonal interaction
    - - CBT is suggested to prevent relapse, while medication withdrawal provokes relapse
- - - - poor resppnse to CBT and ADM
    - - poor response to CBT
  - - - superior response to CBT relative to ADM
    - - better in CBT relative to IPT and ADM
    - - better in CBT or ADM compared to pill-placebo
    - - less responsive to CBT than to ADM
      - except ASPD, STPD, and BPD
  - - - better outcomes compared to non-specific processes
    - - reduces likelihood of relapse
- - - - drives are experienced in a relation between self and others
        
        affects
        
        link the objects of the drives
      - objects of drives
        
        an individual's internal mental representation of self and others
    - - object
      - the self
      - prototypes of an individual's experience of self and other
      - signal needs
    - - idealised representations are either all-bad or all-good
      - no gradual integration of representations
      - projective defence mechanisms
        
        attempts to get rid of negative affects coming from the outside
        
        dissociated motivational system
  - - - gratifying, pleasurable affects
    - - painful, aversive, negative affects
- - - - integrated sense of self and others
    - - advanced defences, flexibility
      - broad range of affects without the loss of impulse control
    - - accurate perception of self vs. non-self, internal vs. external, empathy
      - integrated system of internalised values
  - - - coherent sense of self and others, but one element of psychic life is not fully integrated
      - knowledge of strengths and weaknesses, and concepts of good and bad of the self
    - - use of more advanced defences, with more rigidity
      - sublimination, humour, rationalisation
    - - accurate perception of self vs. non-self, internal vs. external, empathy
      - no great distortion in thinking
  - - - incoherent sense of self and others
      - polarised identity
        
        concepts of good and bad about the self cannot interact
    - - primitive defences
      - projection, denial, displacement
      - emotions become overwhelming
    - - variable empathy
      - some confusion/distortion of what is from the self, and what is from others
    - - identity diffusion
        
        patient wants to escape the distress and sense of emptiness
      - imagined grandiose self
        
        does not correspond to objective reality
    - - negative affects
      - low level BPO
        
        overt aggression
        
        lack more in superego development
  - - - diffuse, badly intergrated with different personalities
    - - primitive
      - projection, denial
    - - distorted
      - hallucinations, extreme black-and-white thinking
- - - - separation of good and bad
      - protect the ideal representation
      - avoid the dangers of bad representaitons
    - - fear of aggession from the outside
    - - split quality of good vs. bas
  - - - aggression is not seen as only coming from the outside
- - - - consistent self-concept
- - - - feelings in conflict with needs of the ego
  - - - feelings consistent with one's ideal image
  - - - less focus on emotion regulation (as compared to MBT)
- - - - situational-perceptual experiences
      - bodily sensations and expressions
      - implicit verbal-symbolic representations
      - motivation-behavioural elements
- - - - reaction, can be evoked by societal expectations
  - - - resulting from traumatic responses
- - - - signals (meaning of our experience)
      - motivation (direct our behaviour)
  - - - flooding of emotions, learn to regulate
    - - no contact with emotions, learn to regulate less
  - - - challenge the validity of self/others connected to maladaptive emotions
        
        actualise the primary emotion
  - - - focused attention can turn inwards
- - - - vivid reconstruction of experience
        
        re-experiencing
        
        connections between situation, thought, and emotional reactions
  - - - turning attention to the bodily-sensed experience
      - approach the felt sense with curiosity and willingness to experience them
  - - - softening of the critical voice, and integration
  - - - stimulating separation between the experiencing self and the inner critic (interruptive self)
  - - - explore the implicit meaning of past events with s/o's
      - explore emotional reactions to the other
  - - - secure contact with a non-rejecting other
- - - - evocation and exploration of emotion
        
        arrival at the deepest level of primary emotion
        
        interruption and avoidance of emotional experience is worked through
        
        transformation and generation of alternatives
        
        accessing new internal resources in the form of adaptive emotional responses
- - - - easy forming of treatment alliance
    - - easy forming, difficulty terminating treatment
    - - alliance forming takes time
      - focus on skill and problem-solving
    - - abundant patience
    - - low epistemic trust
- - - - psychoanalytical
        
        threatening information is repressed from consciousness
      - separate information processing systems
    - - low emotional well-being
- - - - inaccurate perceptions
      - dysfunctional
    - - toxic frustration of needs
        
        Emotional Deprivation
        
        abandonment/instability
        
        needs stability, understanding, love
      - traumatisation or victimisation
        
        Mistrust/Abuse
        
        Defectiveness/Shame
        
        Vulnerability to harm
      - too much of a good thing
        
        Dependence/Incompetence
        
        Entitlement/Grandiosity
      - selective internalisation/identification with s/o's
        
        Emotional Deprivation
  - - - maladaptive behaviour
  - - - unconditional schemas
        
        core beliefs, develop early on
  - - - reinforcing schema, affectively blocking emotions
    - - schema surrender
      - schema avoidance
      - schema overcompensation
  - - - passive temperament
        
        surrender or avoidance as coping style
      - aggressive temperament
        
        overcompensation as coping style
    - - not necessarily stable, utilised in different situations
- - - - sense that s/o's will leave
    - - sense of not fitting in
    - - expecting abuse, manipulating, lies etc.
    - - shame about private/public flaws
    - - deprivation of nurturance, empathy, or protection
  - - - unable to handle responsibilities independently
    - - excessive emotional involvement, at the expense of normal individual social development
    - - exaggerated fear of catastrophe
    - - belief of being inadequate relative to others
  - - - superiority, special rights, not bound by rules
    - - difficulty/refusal to exercise self-control or restrain impulses
  - - - gaining approval at the expense of a secure and true sense of self
      - inauthentic/unsatisfying life decisions. hypersensitivity to rejection
    - - surrendering of control to others through coercion
    - - meeting needs of others at the expense of own gratification
      - sensitivity to others' pain, or resentment towards those who are taken care of
  - - - high internalised standards, perfectionism, rigid rules, pre-occupied with efficiency
    - - harsh punishment, reluctance to allow human imperfections, or to empathise
    - - inhibition, to avoid disapproval, shame, or loss of control
    - - negativity, chronic worry, vigilance, complaining, indecision
- - - - dysfunctional schema mode
        
        dissociation of schema (operations) from other modes
        
        DID mode
        
        child mode
        
        BPD mode
        
        dissociated modes cannot exist at the same time
        
        weak healthy adult mode
  - - - abandonment, abuse, deprivation, rejection
    - - unmet emotional needs
  - - - learns to avoid destructive relationships during therapy
    - - emotional detachment
      - substance abuse
      - avoiding people
      - needs to endure discomfort during therapy
    - - learns to take responsibility and avoid preoccupation during therapy
- - - - distorted thoughts and self-defeating behaviours
- - - - auditory shadowing
      - coping a complex figure
      - Tetris
      - mental arithmetic
      - calculating out loud
      - mindful breathing
  - - - memory loses vividness and emotionality
- - - - selection of target image
        
        selection of negative image
        
        selection of positive cognition
        
        activation of the neural memory network
        
        desensitisation phase
        
        back to negative image
        
        1 more item...
- - - - re-enactment/projection
- - - - not a method of checking the client's accuracy
- - - - the client has the capacity for self-determination
      - the client's actions are aspects of growth, rather than pathology
      - the client has their own agency
  - - - self-worth
      - develops in childhood
    - - self-image
      - influence of body image on inner personality
      - congruent when in line with how one truly acts
    - - goals and ambitions
- - - - genuineness and transparency
- - - - patient is treated as an expert on themselves
- - - - problems with affect regulation, attention, and self-control
      - lack of epistemic trust
    - - lack of development for mentalisation
  - - - activating coping
      - everything that is perceived is a fact
    - - overcompensation of gradiosity
      - denial of reality
      - deactivating coping
    - - only what one can see or feel is real
      - body dissociation, just wanting to ''feel something''
      - activating coping, goal and outcome oriented
- - - - focusing one's attention on the mind of the therapist
        
        teaches how one is perceived by others
      - transference interpretation
        
        validation of transference feelings
        
        exploration of transference feelings
        
        alternative perspectives
- - - - encourage a coherent narrative of internal experience
        
        mutual understanding
        
        gradual integration of incompatible experiences of self and others
        
        self-esteem regulatory problems
        
        criticism and transference reactions
- - - - high standards
      - low self-esteem
      - treatment focuses on integration
    - - ego preservation
  - - - subjective conviction of one's values
      - driven by comparisons and competition
      - suffering and victimisation
    - - defensive and protective
      - reactive
      - corrective life events
- - - - functional vs. dysfunctional thoughts are competing for activation
      - emotional saliency
        
        self-referent stories with positive characteristics
      - repetition
        
        repeating positive self-statements
      - association
        
        music
    - - identifying the negative self-image
        
        identifying an incompatible positive self-image
        
        strengthening the positive self-image
        
        self-referent stories
        
        retrievability is enhanced
        
        positive personalised scenes
        
        manipulating body posture and facial expressions
        
        music
        
        counterconditioning
        
        forming new associations between risk cues and positive self-image