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TUMOR DIAGNOSIS & THERAPY, SUCCESSFUL STORIES (IN-VIVO) - Coggle…
TUMOR DIAGNOSIS & THERAPY
GOAL OF IMMUNODIAGNOSIS
Immunologic detection of Ag specific to tumor cells
Assessment of the host's immune response to the tumors
TUMOR MARKERS
Biological substance synthesised & released by tumor & host in response to tumor tissue
Include - cell surface Abs (oncofetal Ag), cytoplasmic proteins, enzymes, hormones & cancer Ag
MAY USED TO
Establish the diagnosis
Detect the presence of a tumor
Monitor the progress of disease & response to treatment
Detect the recurrence
Determine the risk (genetically predisposed tumor)
IDENTIFICATION OF NEOANTIGEN
A mutated Ag that forms on cancer cells within mutation that occurs in the tumor DNA (Not expressed on the surface of normal cells)
Play an important roles in stimulating an immune response against cancer cells
RADIOLABELED TUMOR SPECIFIC ABS
Injection of radiolabeled tumor-specific abs
into the tumor-bearing individual permits visualisation by CAT of the radiolabeled Abs attached to the tumor
This method allows
the detection of small metastases
as well as
the primary tumor mass
DETECTION OF MYELOMA PROTEINS PRODUCED BY PLASMA CELL TUMORS
Abnormally high conc. in serum of monoclonal Ig of a certain isotope or the presence of light chains of these Ig (Bence Jones proteins) in the urine -
Indicate of plasma cells tumors.
Conc. of myeloma proteins in the blood/urine -
Reflect of mass of tumors
Duration & effectiveness of therapy for myeloma -
measurement of conc. of myeloma proteins in the serum & urine
DETECTION OF ⍺-FETOPROTEIN
Major protein produced by feta liver cells
& found in fatal serum
Level of AFP are elevated in patients with
liver (hepatomas), ovarian, testicular or embryonal carcinoma as well as noncancerous hepatic disorders such as cirrhosis & hepatitis
High level of serum AFP
- indicate of the
presence of a tumor
that is producing AFP
Monitoring AFP levels - indicative of
regression or progression of the tumor
DETECTION OF CARCINOEMBRYONIC AG
A
glycoprotein
produced normally by c
ells that line the GI tract, in particular the colon
.
If the cells become
malignant
, their polarity may change, CEA is released into the blood instead of the colon. Conc of CEA in the blood exceed 2.5ng/ml are generally indicate of malignancy
Monitoring
CEA levels
-
monitor tumor growth or regression
However,
higher than normal levels of CEA in blood
may be due to
noncancerous disease
such as
cirrhosis of the liver, inflammatory diseases of the intestinal tract & lung or cigarette smoking.
DETECTION OF PROSTATE-SPECIFIC AG
Confirmatory tests are required
since prostatitis & benign prostate hypertrophy also may result in the release into bloodstream of the
PSA derived from nonmalignant glandular prostate epithelium
Test is useful for monitoring significant increases / decreases of
blood levels of PSA
that correlate
with increase or decrease of tumor size.
Low conc in serum of healthy men.
Levels above 8-10 ng/ml
blood are suggestive of
prostate cancer.
A glycoprotein
in ductal epithelial cells of prostate gland
DETECTION OF CANCER AG-125
Diagnosing & monitoring therapy for ovarian cancer
Circulating levels of CA-125 also increase during peritoneal inflammatory processes
TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY
Interventions & techniques with common goal of eliciting timor-cell destructive immune responses
TUMOR IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS
Prevention of tumor occurrence or dev. through the production of active of passive immunity
TYPES OF VACCINES
Viral vectors
to vaccinate the host - can be
done after molecularly characterised the tumor tissue
Naked DNA plasmid constructs (DNA vaccines) - having the
unique tumor Ag
encoded & expressed by muscle cells
ISSUES IN DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES AGAINST TUMOR
Specific Ag
Ag should be able to cross react immunologically with any prepared vaccines
RECOMBINANT HPV CAPSID PROTEIN L1
Time
to give vaccine:
pre-exposure to virus
Intraepithelial lesions
are a result of infection. Duration of protection provided by this vaccine is not known, the abs responses induces are prob. HPV-type specific
Purpose: prevent cervical cancer
SUCCESSFUL STORIES (IN-VIVO)
Tumor cells in which replication has been blocked
Sublethal doses of live tumor cells