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The History of English Novel (by Mehran Rezaei) - Coggle Diagram
The History of English Novel (by Mehran Rezaei)
The Evolution of the English Novel
Sir Thomas More
(1478-1535)
Genre of utopia: Fantasy
Utopia
Coined the term utopia : an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect
qualities for its citizens
Sir Philip Sidney
(1554-1586)
Arcadia
Francis Bacon
The New Atlantis
John Lyly
Euphuese
Castiglione
The Courtier
Thomas Lodge
Rosalynde
Thomas Deloney
Jack of Newbury
Samuel Pepys
Diary of Samuel Pepys
John Bunyan
The Pilgrims Progress
Arcadia
Derived from
the Greek province of the same name
refers to a vision of pastoralism and harmony with nature
a poetic byword for an idyllic vision of unspoiled wilderness
Although commonly thought of as being in line with Utopian ideals, Arcadia differs from that tradition in that it is more often specifically regarded as unattainable
it is seen as a lost, Edenic form of life,
contrasting to the progressive nature of Utopian desires.
The inhabitants were often regarded as having continued to live after the manner of the Golden Age, without the pride and avarice that corrupted other regions
The inhabitants of this region bear an obvious
connection to the figure of the noble savage
Literary utopias focus on, amongst other things, equality, in such categories as economics, government and justice
Neoclassical Period
Jonathan Swift
Gulliver’s Travels
Daniel Defoe
Robinson Crusoe
An complete imitation of
Samuel Richardson
Pamela
Henry Fielding
Joseph Andrew
Tobias Smollet
Humphry Clinker
Laurence Sterne
Tristram Shandy
Samuel Johnson
Rasselas
Oliver Goldsmith
The Vicar of Wakefield
Fanny Burney
Evelina
Description of landscapes
Henry Mackenzie
Man of Feeling
Thomas Day
Sandford & Merton
Henry Brooke
The Fool of Quality
Rousseau criticized Thomas Hobbes for asserting that since man in the "state of nature... has no idea of goodness he must be naturally wicked; that he is vicious because he does not know virtue". On the contrary, Rousseau holds that "uncorrupted morals" prevail in the "state of nature"
Rousseau
Thomas Hobbes
Gothic novel
Horace Walpole
The Castle of Otranto
Ann Radcliffe
The Mysteries of Udolpho
M. Gregory Lewis
The Monk
C. Robert Maturin
Melmoth the Wanderer
Setting
The Gothic novel, or in an alternative term, Gothic romance, is a type of prose fiction which was inaugurated by Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto: A Gothic Story (1764)
Science fiction and fantasy
Mary Shelly
Frankenstein
novels and short stories that represent an imagined reality that is radically different in its nature and functioning from the world of our ordinary experience
Science Fiction
Jules Verne
Journey to the Center of the Earth
H. G. Wells
The War of the Worlds
Isaac Asimov
Arthur Clarke
Ray Bradbury
J. G. Ballard
Doris Lessing
Star Trek
Fantasy
Jonathan Swift
Gulliver’s Travels
(1726)
Cyberpunk
emerged in the early 1980s as a postmodern form of science fiction in which the events take place partially or entirely within the “virtual reality” formed by computers or computer networks
the characters may be humans, or aliens, or artificial intelligences
William Gibson
Neuromancer
(1984)
The Matrix
Victorian Period
Realism
A common distinction— which was described by Hawthorne, in his preface to The House of the Seven Gables (1851) and elsewhere, and has been adopted and expanded by a number of recent critics
Hawthorne
The House of the Seven Gables
(1851)
the realistic novel (which is the novel proper)
The realistic novel can be described as the fictional attempt to give the effect of realism, by representing complex characters with mixed motives who are rooted in a social class, operate in a developed social structure, interact with many other characters, and undergo plausible, everyday modes of experience
achieved a high development in the master novelists of the nineteenth century
In England and America
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in France
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in Russia
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Rooted in Defoe and Fielding
the romance
is applied by literary critics in two diverse ways
(1) to identify a movement in the writing of
novels during the nineteenth century
Honoré de Balzac
(in France)
George Eliot
(in England)
William Dean Howells
(in America)
(2) to designate a recurrent mode, in various eras and literary
forms, of representing human life and experience in literature.
Realistic fiction is often opposed to romantic fiction. The romance is said to present life as we would have it be—more picturesque, fantastic, adventurous, or heroic than actuality; realism, on the other hand, is said to represent life as it really is.
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species
engendered sectarian controversy
doubts about the truth of religious beliefs
a reversion to strict biblical fundamentalism
Charles Dickens
Oliver Twist
Bulwer Lytton
The Last Days of Pompeii
Charles Reade
It Is Never Too Late to Mend
Benjamin Disraeli
Coningsby
Mrs. Gaskell
Brontes Sisters
Wuthering Heights
Naturalism
Thomas Hardy
The Mayor of Casterbridge
Jude the Obscure
George Gissing
Workers in the Dawn
claimed to give an even more accurate depiction of life than realism
it is a mode of fiction that was developed by a school of writers
in accordance with a particular philosophical thesis
This thesis, a product of post-Darwinian biology in the nineteenth century, held that a human being exists entirely in the order of nature and does not have a soul nor any access to a religious or spiritual world beyond the natural world; and therefore, that such a being is merely a higher-order animal whose character and behavior are entirely determined by two kinds of forces: heredity and environment
Aspects of the naturalistic selection and management of subject matter and its austere or harsh manner of rendering its materials are apparent in many modern novels and dramas
Norman Maile
r
The Naked and the Dead
a novel of World War II
Thomas Hardy
Jude the Obscure
although Hardy largely substituted a cosmic determinism for biological and environmental determinism
Eugene O’Neill
various plays in the 1920s
An enlightening exercise is to distinguish the diverse ways in which the relationship between the sexes is represented in
a romance
Richard Blackmore’s
Lorna Doone
1869),
an ironic comedy of manners
Jane Austen’s
Pride and Prejudice
1813),
a realistic novel
William Dean Howells’
A Modern Instance
1882
a naturalistic novel
Émile Zola’s
Nana
1880
Theodore Dreiser’s
An American Tragedy
1925
a mood of nationalist pride and optimism about future progress, also social stresses, class conflicts, and widespread anxiety
Decline of poetry and boom of the novel
the woman question
Contributing to the
social and political unrest
art as a vehicle for pleasure and instruction
A time of rapid and twisting economic and social changes
England as the leading industrial power, with an empire that occupied more than a quarter of the earth’s surface.
England was the first nation to exploit the technological possibilities of steam power
and steel
but its unregulated industrialization, while it produced great wealth for an expanding middle class, led also to
urbanization
poverty concentrated in slum neighborhoods
the deterioration of rural England
Romantic Period
Deep interest in nature, not as a center of beautiful scenes but as an informing and spiritual influence on life.
Rustic Life
Sir Walter Scott
Ivanhoe
In his preface to Lyrical Ballads, Wordsworth repeatedly declared that good poetry is “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.”
So poetry is not primarily a mirror of men in action; but,
it is as “emotion recollected in tranquility.”
Modern (NEW) Period:
key thinkers
Charles Darwin
On the Origin of Species
(1859)
The Descent of Man
(1871)
whose Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871) described man as simply the occupant of the highest rung on the evolutionary ladder and who promoted the idea of survival of the fittest
Karl Marx
Communist Manifesto
(1848)
Das Capital
(1867)
who in the Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Capital (1867) saw history as the struggle between capitalist owners and the non propertied proletariat with the revolution ultimately won by the workers
Friedrich Nietzsche
whose work valued instinct over intellect and insisted on the complete freedom of the individual in a world that lacks transcendent law ("God is Dead")
Sir James Frazier
The Golden Bough
(1890)
whose recounting of myths in The Golden Bough (1890) showed the continuity and similarity between primitive and civilized culture
Sigmund Freud
Interpretation of Dreams
(1899)
who in Interpretation of Dreams (1899) put forth a new model of personality governed in large part by irrational and unconscious survivals of infantile fantasy
Carl G. Jung
who described the concepts of the collective unconscious, a buried level of universal experience tapped by myth, religion, and art, and the concept of archetypes, the master patterns revealing the common experiences of the human Species.
Max Planck
Quantum theory
(1900)
whose quantum theory (1900) described the unpredictability of atomic and subatomic particles
Albert Einstein
Theory of relativity
(1905)
whose theory of relativity (1905) abandoned concepts of absolute motion and absolute difference of time and space and proposed that reality consisted of a four-dimensional space-time continuum
Martin Heidegger
(1889-1976)
who saw the human condition as absurd because man exists in the world without any understanding of his fate
Jean-Paul Sartre
(1905-1980)
developer of existentialism, the belief that man is totally responsible for his own actions and that he ought to reject external laws
Werner Heisenburg
Uncertainty Principle
whose Uncertainty Principle (1927) proclaimed that scientific measurement (specifically the measurement of electrons) was a matter of approximation emphasizing the approximate nature of reality
Henry James
(1843-1916)
Daisy Miller
H. G. Wells
(1866-1946)
The Time Machine
The War of the Worlds
The Island of Dr. Moreau
Joseph Conrad
(1857-1924)
E. M. Forster
(1879-1970)
A Passage to India
Rudyard Kipling
(1865-1936)
The Jungle Books
Somerset Maugham
(1847-1965)
Of Human Bondage
D. H. Lawrence
(1885-1930)
Sons and Lovers
Virginia Woolf
(1882-1941)
Mrs. Dalloway
Aldous Huxley
(1894-1963)
Brave New World
Island
George Orwell
(1903 –1950)
1984
Animal Farm
J. R. R. Tolkien
(1892-1973)
The Hobbit
The Lord of the Rings
C. S. Lewis
(1898-1963)
J. K. Rowling
(1965-
idealism
a diverse group of metaphysical views which all assert that "reality" is in some way indistinguishable or inseparable from human perception and/or understanding, that it is in some sense mentally constructed, or that it is otherwise closely connected to ideas.
Stream of consciousness
a narrative mode or method that attempts "to depict the
multitudinous thoughts and feelings which pass through the mind" of a narrator.
Künstlerroman
meaning "artist's novel" in English
a narrative about an artist's growth to
maturity.
James Joyce
(1882-1941)
Ulysses
The Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
World War I (optimism vs. pessimism)
Many people (artists included) had lost their faith in institutional, cultural, or social foundations that could provide stability in the world
W. B. Yeats
The Second Coming
Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold
After the First World War, economic depression and unemployment led many new writers into left-wing politics (including socialism, communism, and forms of liberalism). The 1930s were known as the "red decade."
Transition from art as a vehicle for pleasure and instruction towards a belief in
Ezra Pound provided British Modernism with its paradigmatic motto: "make it new."
Ezra Pound
The sense of alienation—i.e., the distance between the serious artist and a general public
A widening gulf emerged between so-called serious (highbrow) art and popular (lowbrow) art
The development of psychoanalysis and of comparative mythology in the early twentieth century also had a profound impact on artists of the time.
The proliferation of radio and film, were changing the world in basic but profound ways.
Mass production, a logical outgrowth of the industrial revolution, became the norm for all manner of goods, from cars, to clothes, to works of art.
Women were finally gaining some measure of equality (slowly but surely)
the Married Women's Property Act of 1882 allowed women to own their own property
women won the right to vote thanks to parliamentary acts in 1918 and 1928.
The Second World War
took a massive toll, and it meant the final end of Britain's place as the leading world power.
Rise of the new world powers, The United States and the Soviet Union.
Rapid decolonization followed in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s as British colonies around the world gained their independence
many of these colonial subjects
began emigrating to England due to labor shortages there
beginning of a vibrant ethnic diversity
Arthur Rimbaud
“One must be absolutely modern”.
Novel
Non-English Origins
Cervantes
Don Quixote
(16th)
Boccacio
Decameron
(14th c.)
One Thousand and One Nights
Ibn Tufail Andalusi
(1105-1185)
Hay Ibn Yaghzan
(12th c.)
Murasaki Shikibu
(c. 973 or 978 – c. 1014 or 1031)
The Tale of Genji
(1008)
Avicenna
(980-1037)
Alive Son of Awake (Hay Ibn Yaghzan)
(c.1021)
English Origins
Robert Greene
The Card of Fancia
(1587)
George Gascoigne
The Adventure of Master F. J
Thomas Deloney
The Gentle Craft
Thomas of Reading
Jack of Newbury
Thomas Nashe
The Unfortunate Traveller
(1594)
Character writings of 17th c
Sir Philip Sidney
Arcadia
John Lyly
Eupheues
(1578)
Thomas More
Utopia
Italian Novella meaning “a little new thing"
Definition: The most widely distributed and the last form of literature which is an extended, fictional,
prose narrative.
Variety
Tolstoy's
War & Peace
Pamela
Robinson Crusoe
