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Learning - Coggle Diagram
Learning
Classical conditioning
Discovered accidentally by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. One of Pavlov's student noticed that the dogs began to salivate before the food was placed in their mouths. The dog salivated at the sight of food, the sight of the food dish, the smell of the food, the sight of the person who fed them.
Learning by association.
Learning occurs between two things (stimuli) that are closely associated. A simple form of learning by repeated pairing of stimuli. As a result neutral stimulus from the environment elicits a response.
Unconditioned stimulus- A signal stimulus that draws an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. A signal that normally elicits the response
Unconditioned response- The unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning
Neutral stimulus- A new stimulus that does not elicit any response. The unconditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with the neutral stimulus. The natural stimulus then becomes the conditioned stimulus
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Stimulus generalisation- The transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to another similar stimulus. Example : Little ablert became fearful of all white, fluffy objects
Stimulus discrimination- The process of learning to distinguish a particular stimulus from another stimuli
Extinction- A reduction or loss in the strength or rate of a conditioned response when the UCS is withheld
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Contiguity- The time interval in the UCS-CS pairing. 0.5 seconds is ideal, if longer, the association between the stimuli wont be strong enough to elicit strong CR.
Contingency- Predictability of occurrence of one stimulus from the presence of another. Example: If Dexter received a different noise each time he was presented with food, CR is not as likely to occur
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Acquisition and performance:
Acquisition- The process of pairing the UCS with the CS.
Performance- CR occurs without the presence of the UCS
Operant Conditioning
Directed by our desire to achieve or avoid certain experiences.
Reward and punishment.
- Learning occurs when voluntary behaviours are changed as a result of reward and punishment.
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Negative Reinforcement- The strengthening of a behaviour due to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
Schedules of reinforcement.
- The rate at which responses are reinforced
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Partial reinforcement
The Reinforcer is only presented some of the time the response is displayed. More resistant to extinction as the organism cannot predict when the reinforcer will be given
- Four schedules:
- Fixed interval
- Fixed ratio
- Variable interval
- Variable ratio
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Contiguity- Reinforcement needs to be given/ received as soon as possible after desired behaviour has been performed for behaviour to continue.
Punishment needs to given/ received as soon as possible after undesired behaviour has been performed for behaviour to decline
Contingency:
Reinforcers needs to be consistent for behaviour to continue.
Punishment needs to be consistent for behaviour to decline
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Acquisition phase- when the reinforcer/ punisher is being administered with an increase/decrease in behaviour. Acquiring a new behaviour
Performance phase- when the subsequent behaviour is performed without the reinforcer/punisher being administered. Performing newly learnt behaviour
Observational learning
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Factors of observational learning:
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation
Attention- In order for learning to occur, observer must pay attention to the models behaviour.
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Fear and Phobia
Fear: an unpleasant emotion caused by the threat of danger, pain or harm
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operant conditioning- The person actively avoids the anxiety-producing stimulus and is rewarded by not experiencing anxiety
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