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LANGUAGE AND CULTURE The total range of activities and ideas of people,…
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
The total range of activities and ideas of people
The sociological sense
Organizations of family life, work and free-time activities, customs and social institutions.
Discouse communities.
These groups have common goals and use language in ways shich express thar ommonality of purpose.
Discouse accent
. Tese groups often have a distinctive way of speaking and writing.
Clarke
(1996:11) three raw categories for discussing culture.
Culture as content
: Sociological sense. Cross-cultural competence
High culture
:The art and literature associated with the language.
Cultural practice or behaviour
: Linguistic behaviour.
The pragmatic sense
Refers to the paralinguistic skills in conjunction with contextual knowledge make communication possible.
Widdowson
(1996:130) defines pragmatics as the study of what people mean by language when they use it in the context of normal social life.
Adaskou
(1990:4) Refer to this sense as being relevant to language learners under the following headings:
Appropriate exponents in various communicative functions.
Appropiate intonation.
Norms of politeness (culture)
Governing interpersonal relations-questions of status.
Main rhetorical conventions in differents genres.
The pragmatic aspects of culture are learned and internalised though a process of socialisation or acculturation within the group.
Hofstede´s framework
. Attend to produce a model for the description of cultures based on attitudes to worl
Power distance
. indicates the degree to which members of a culture desire equality.
Uncertainly avoidance.
Messure how far different cultures socialise their members into accepting ambiguous situations and toleratng uncertainty about the future.
Individualism versus Collectivism
. Relations between the individual and the groups to which s/he belongs.
Masculinity &Feminity.
In masculine cultures sex roles are sharply differentiated, and traditional masculine values such as achievement and the effective exercise of power determine cultural ideas.
In feminine cultures sex roles are less sharply distinguished and little differentiation in made between men and women in the same job.
The aesthetic sense
.
Speech communicaties. Groups of people who share the same linguistic code or language, produce texts which are disseminated throughout the community.
The semantic sense
The conceptual system embodied in a language.
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis-Linguistic relativity
: terms which are often used interchangeaby and refer to the way in which language are said to either influence of determine the way in which their speakers perceive reality. The clain is that the language we speak determines what we can think about the world in which we find ourselves.
Limitations of Hofstede´s Framework
Describe something as complex as a culture there is always therisk of being too general and ending up with a picture that resembless a stereotype.
The national territory presupposes a national culture.
Holliday (245-246) Culturalist methodology
Members of a groups to which an ethnic, national or international large cultural label has been attached are perceived as confined and reduced to pre-defined characteristics.
Otherisation. The process whereby the "foreign" is reduced to a simplistic, easily digestible, exotic or degrading sterotype.
Prefers a methodology based on etnographic action research which views the classroom, rather than the country, as the main unit of cultural analysis.
Semiotic view of culture.
Semiotic
. Culture can also be seen as a system of signs. The study of signs and symbols.
Geertz.
Culture is external to the individual "embodied in public symbols... through which members of a society communicate their worldview, value-orientations, ethos and all the rest to one another.
Universidad IEXPRO. (n.d.). English in the community