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Education Topic 4 Policies, Alexander - PISA Abuse - Says the test…

- - - - FOR Ability Selection
        
        High ability students aren't held back by slow learners
        
        Top exam results
        
        Mixing with similar social classes
      - AGAINST Ability Selection
        
        Late developers benefit
        
        Those whose intelligence and ability improve later can be catered for better in non- selective schools, rather than having limited opportunity at an early age
        
        Fewer social divisions and more social cohesion due to mixing
        
        All children in the same type of school, = social mixing - overcoming divisions - selection by abilitv benefits the middle class
        
        Reduced risk of labelling and SFP
        
        Less likely to be labelled as a failure at an early age which often lowers self-esteem
        
        Benefit for pupils of all abilities
        
        All students of same age , regardless of ability are taught in the same type of school and in the same class (mixed ability)
        
        More able stimulate influence on the less able avoiding SFP issues
        
        Smyth et al - Shown mixed ability teaching = beneficial on 'high flyers', improved performance of less able
        
        No negative impact of social mobility
        
        Despite claims that selective education offers greater opportunities for upward social mobility
        
        Boliver and Swift - Data from National Child Development Study found selective advantage of any kind of children
        
        Non - selective schools
- - - - Marketisation and Privatisation
        
        Marketisation suggests that schools should run like a business
        1) Supply and demand
        2) Consumer Choice
        3) Raising Standards
        
        M and P have both been features of educational policies since 1980's
        -These have been promoted by neoliberal organisations (world bank, world trad organisations)
        
        Education = multi-billion business which multinational businesses seek to gain access to
        
        Hancock - Educational exports from UK by international schools to 'priority markets' such as Brazil and India in 2012 were worth £18 billion to the UK economy
        This globalisation and neoliberal policies are continuously growing
      - International Comparisons
        
        PISA (Programme of International Student Assessment) = Conduction of tests in all areas of learning take place across 50-60 countries per 3-5 years in samples of 350,00 - 600,000
        
        The data collected contributes towards league tables leading to an influence of policies in different countries / re-assessment of existing ones = new polices / curriculum reformations
        
        Ofsted proposed reasons for the UK's underperformance in maths in 2012 after coming 26th in the PISA and identified solutions from the top performers (Europe and Asia)
        
        Alexander - PISA led to educational, economical and political panic (Moral Panic = PISA Panic) led to people looking for a 'miracle' and the intro of different policies
        
        Policies Introduced
        
        Master Teachers
        Labour Party (2014) - announced plans if they won the election in 2015 that they would create a new elite grade of 'master teachers' in all state schools (Singapore)
        
        Slimming Down the National Curriculum
        2010 - 15 conservative lib-dems shortened the curriculum to general knowledge
        
        Raising Academic entry requirements for trainee teachers
        
        Evaluation for IC
        STRENGTHS
        1) Comparisons between school spending and school achievement are in line
        2) Oates Benchmarks for international standards
        3) Provides evidence oh how well policies are working
        LIMITATIONS
        1) PISA = Based narrowly on education which can be measured
        2) Kelly - Globalisation = Education prepares people for work when there are other areas of concern (social wellbeing)
        3) There are validity and reliability issues so PISA isn't necessarily accurate
        4) Different countries and cultures make education incomparable (England has 23,000 schools, Singapore has 350)