Do blood sugar levels affect the prothrombin time upon the administration of reagent?
BLOOD
PROTHROMBIN TIME TEST (MEASUREMENT/DEPENDENT VARIABLE)
Concentration of insulin/glucagon
Concentration of blood glucose level
Blood type
Age/freshness of blood
Plasma concentration
Who was the blood taken from?
Age
Gender
Height
Weight
Ethnicity
Medical history
Diet
Physical activity
CLOTS
Amount of platelets?
T1 Diabetes
Lifestyle choices
Smoking
Pregnant?
A+
A-
O-
O+
B-
B+
AB-
AB+
Alcohol
T2 Diabetes
Trauma
Obesity
Chronic inflammatory diseases
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Indicators (symptoms) of blood clot
Heaviness or pain in the chest area, resulting in shortness of breath, sweating and nausea (heart)
Weakness, difficulty speaking, vision problems and headache (brain)
Pain, swelling and warmth in limbs (limbs)
Sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, fever, coughing up blood, heart palpitations (lungs)
Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea (abdomen)
Risk factors
Low levels of blood platelets
State of coagulation after specified amount of time
Seconds
Minutes
Medication
Oral contraceptives
Hormone therapy drugs
Previous surgery
Heart arrhythmia
Anemia
Anemia
BLOOD SUGAR
Methods of increasing blood sugar
Fruit
Sucrose
(A, Pietrangelo, 2018)
(John Hopkins Medicine, n.d.)
Measurement
Glucose Gel
Blood glucose meter
Continuous glucose monitoring device
click to edit
These are the most common instruments used by diabetics who check their blood glucose level (BGL) multiple times a day
click to edit
Age (over 60 years)
Prolonged bed rest/ paralysis
Cancer
Can produce no symptoms
(Mayoclinic, 2020)
Results
Measured with stopwatch (quantitative data)
Filming/photographing the process (qualitative data)
Why does it occur?
Most common blood type
How is it determined? Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells, but both A and B antibody are in the plasma
(RedCross, n.d.)
Universal blood donor
Miliseconds
REAGENT
Contains thromboplastin and calcium chloride
The calcium chloride takes over the citrate anticoagulant and allows the tissue factor in the thromboplastin to stimulate coagulation.
(Bouchard et. al., 2009)
Citrate is anticoagulant through the chelation of ionised calcium, an essential component in the clotting cascade, making the process of coagulation impossible. This is put into the test tubes of plasma to prevent any coagulation to begin before the timing has begun.
results are given as INR (international normalised ratio)
the normal range for your PT results is: 11 to 13.5 seconds. INR of 0.8 to 1.1.
Preventions
Anticoagulants
Warfarins
Enoxaparin
Heparin
Antiplatelet drugs
Aspirin
ticlopidine
clopidogrel
(Sullivan, 2019)
Vitamin K can lessen the effects of anticoagulants
Coagulation factors
High number of platelets
Factor VIII
Factor XII
Factor X1
Factor IX
HOW do clots occur?
Blood clotting cascade
Damage to the lining of blood vessels trigger the release of coagulation factors
Coagulation factors stimulate prothrombin which cleaves to form thrombin and helps platelets form a sticky plug for the injury site
thrombin catalyses many other coagulation-related reactions
Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrin threads adhere to the platelet plug to form an insoluble clot
(Cornell, 2016)
Cancers
prothrombin is a protein produced by the liver
A test which determines how quickly a patient's blood takes to clot
The total time between sample collection and testing should not exceed 24 hours (Shikdar et. al., 2021)
Where was the blood taken from?
Venous
Arterial
It is recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institutes (2017) that the blood sample is venous blood as it is good indicator of the physiological conditions throughout the body
Methods of decreasing blood sugar
Insulin
Levels
3mmol/L is dangerously low
Healthy range is 4-6mmol/L
7mmol/L suggests prediabetes
8+mmol/L suggests diabetes
(Mayoclinic, 2020)