Do blood sugar levels affect the prothrombin time upon the administration of reagent?

BLOOD

PROTHROMBIN TIME TEST (MEASUREMENT/DEPENDENT VARIABLE)

Concentration of insulin/glucagon

Concentration of blood glucose level

Blood type

Age/freshness of blood

Plasma concentration

Who was the blood taken from?

Age

Gender

Height

Weight

Ethnicity

Medical history

Diet

Physical activity

CLOTS

Amount of platelets?

T1 Diabetes

Lifestyle choices

Smoking

Pregnant?

A+

A-

O-

O+

B-

B+

AB-

AB+

Alcohol

T2 Diabetes

Trauma

Obesity

Chronic inflammatory diseases

High blood pressure

High cholesterol

Indicators (symptoms) of blood clot

Heaviness or pain in the chest area, resulting in shortness of breath, sweating and nausea (heart)

Weakness, difficulty speaking, vision problems and headache (brain)

Pain, swelling and warmth in limbs (limbs)

Sharp chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, fever, coughing up blood, heart palpitations (lungs)

Abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea (abdomen)

Risk factors

Low levels of blood platelets

State of coagulation after specified amount of time

Seconds

Minutes

Medication

Oral contraceptives

Hormone therapy drugs

Previous surgery

Heart arrhythmia

Anemia

Anemia

BLOOD SUGAR

Methods of increasing blood sugar

Fruit

Sucrose

(A, Pietrangelo, 2018)

(John Hopkins Medicine, n.d.)

Measurement

Glucose Gel

Blood glucose meter

Continuous glucose monitoring device

click to edit

These are the most common instruments used by diabetics who check their blood glucose level (BGL) multiple times a day

click to edit

Age (over 60 years)

Prolonged bed rest/ paralysis

Cancer

Can produce no symptoms

(Mayoclinic, 2020)

Results

Measured with stopwatch (quantitative data)

Filming/photographing the process (qualitative data)

Why does it occur?

Most common blood type

How is it determined? Has neither A nor B antigens on red cells, but both A and B antibody are in the plasma

(RedCross, n.d.)

Universal blood donor

Miliseconds

REAGENT

Contains thromboplastin and calcium chloride

The calcium chloride takes over the citrate anticoagulant and allows the tissue factor in the thromboplastin to stimulate coagulation.

(Bouchard et. al., 2009)

Citrate is anticoagulant through the chelation of ionised calcium, an essential component in the clotting cascade, making the process of coagulation impossible. This is put into the test tubes of plasma to prevent any coagulation to begin before the timing has begun.

results are given as INR (international normalised ratio)

the normal range for your PT results is: 11 to 13.5 seconds. INR of 0.8 to 1.1.

Preventions

Anticoagulants

Warfarins

Enoxaparin

Heparin

Antiplatelet drugs

Aspirin

ticlopidine

clopidogrel

(Sullivan, 2019)

Vitamin K can lessen the effects of anticoagulants

Coagulation factors

High number of platelets

Factor VIII

Factor XII

Factor X1

Factor IX

HOW do clots occur?

Blood clotting cascade

Damage to the lining of blood vessels trigger the release of coagulation factors

Coagulation factors stimulate prothrombin which cleaves to form thrombin and helps platelets form a sticky plug for the injury site

thrombin catalyses many other coagulation-related reactions

Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

Fibrin threads adhere to the platelet plug to form an insoluble clot

(Cornell, 2016)

Cancers

prothrombin is a protein produced by the liver

A test which determines how quickly a patient's blood takes to clot

The total time between sample collection and testing should not exceed 24 hours (Shikdar et. al., 2021)

Where was the blood taken from?

Venous

Arterial

It is recommended by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institutes (2017) that the blood sample is venous blood as it is good indicator of the physiological conditions throughout the body

Methods of decreasing blood sugar

Insulin

Levels

3mmol/L is dangerously low

Healthy range is 4-6mmol/L

7mmol/L suggests prediabetes

8+mmol/L suggests diabetes

(Mayoclinic, 2020)