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DMS, Pharmacology, Charissa Otniel Sukamto, 130110200241 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Dermis
        
        Characteristics
        
        Deep connective tissue layer
        
        Consists of collagen and elastic fibers
        
        Supplied by vascular and lymphatic capillary beds and afferent nerve endings
        
        Layers
        
        Thin Papillary
        
        Consists of nerve endings and blood vessels (subpapillary plexus)
        
        Thick Reticular
        
        Consists of hair follicle, sebaceous gland, arrector pili muscle, and sweat gland, blood vessels (deep plexus)
      - Subcutaneous Tissue
        (Hypodermis)
        
        Characteristics
        
        Between dermis and underlying deep fascia
        
        Mostly composed of loose connective tissue and stored fat
        
        Contains sweat glands, superficial blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and cutaneous nerves
      - Epidermis
        
        Layers
        
        Stratum Basale
        
        Stratum Spinosum
        
        Stratum Granulosum
        
        Stratum Lucidum
        
        Stratum Corneum
        
        Characteristics
        
        Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
        
        Superficial cellular layer
        
        Avascular
    - - Skin Glands
        
        Sebaceous Glands
        
        Sweat Glands
        
        Eccrine
        
        Via sweat pores
        
        Apocrine
        
        Via hair follicle
      - Nail
        
        Free Edge
        
        Nail Body
        
        Cuticle
        
        Lunula
        
        Nail Root
        
        Nail Matrix
        
        Nail Bed
        
        Hyponychium
      - Hair
        
        Structures
        
        Arrector Pili Muscle
        
        Hair Shaft
        
        Hair Follicle
        
        Internal Root Sheath
        
        External Root Sheath
        
        Hair Bulb
        
        Papilla
        
        Matrix
        
        Hair Root
        
        Hair Growth
        
        Anagen (growth stage)
        
        Catagen (regression/transition stage)
        
        Telogen (resting stage)
    - - Characteristics
        
        Numerous small fibrous bands
        
        Extend through subcutaneous tissue
        
        Attach the deep surface of the dermis to the underlying deep fascia
      - Function
        
        Determines the mobility of the skin over deep structures
  - - - Langerhans Cells
        
        APC
      - Merkel Cells
        
        Low threshold mechanoreceptors
      - Melanocytes
        
        Melanin production
    - - Unencapsulated
        
        Merkel Cells
        
        Light touch and object's texture
        
        Free Nerve Endings
        
        Temperature, pain, tactile receptor
        
        Root Hair Plexus
        
        Movement of the hair
      - Encapsulated
        
        Meissner Corpuscles
        
        Initiates light-touch or low frequency impulses
        
        Pacinian (Lamellated) Corpuscles
        
        Coarse touch, pressure (sustained touch), mechanical stimulus
        
        Krause End Bulbs
        
        Low frequency vibration and cold
        
        Ruffini Corpuscles
        
        Stretch (tension) or twisting (torque)
  - - - Primary
        
        Patch
        
        Papule
        
        Plaque
        
        Nodule
        
        Cyst
        
        Wheal
        
        Pustule
        
        Vesicle
        
        Bullae
        
        Macule
      - Secondary
        
        Scar
        
        Scale
        
        Fissure
        
        Crust
        
        Erosion
        
        Excoriation
        
        Ulcer
        
        Atrophy
        
        Lichenification
      - Specific
        
        Comedone
        
        Open
        
        Close
        
        Milia
        
        Canaliculi
    - - Localized
      - Regional
      - Generalized
      - Universal
      - Bilateral (Symmetry)
      - Unilateral (Asymmetry)
      - Dermatomal
    - - Solitary
      - Multiple
      - Discrete
      - Confluence
    - - Annular
      - Linear
      - Round
      - Oval
      - Irregular
      - Serpiginous
    - - Well-defined
      - Ill-defined
  - - - Varicella
        
        Due to varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
        
        3rd stage: scabbed lesions
        
        2nd stage: clear fluid-filled blister
        
        1st stage: small red bump
      - Herpes Zoster
        
        Due to varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
        
        Vesicular rash/blisters on one side of the body (restricted to a single dermatome)
      - Measles
        
        Due to Paramyxoviridae family and Morbillivirus genus
        
        Flat red spots that appear on the face at the hairline and spread downward to the neck, trunk, arms, legs, and feet
      - Herpes Simplex
        
        Type 1
        
        Primarily causes oral herpes and is generally responsible for cold sores and fever blisters around the mouth and on the face
        
        Type 2
        
        Primarily causes genital herpes and is generally responsible for blisters around the genital or rectum
      - Veruka Vulgaris
      - Condyloma Acuminatum
      - Molluscum Contagiosum
    - - Impetigo
        
        Due to gram-positive bacteria -> most common Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus
        
        Crustosa
        
        Bullous
      - Superficial Folliculitis
        
        Staphylococcus aureus infection on infundibulum (superficial) part of hair follicle
        
        Multiple small papules and pustules on an erythematous base punctured by central hairs
      - Furunkle
        
        Pus-filled bump in the skin that is caused by a bacterial infection of hair follicles
      - Carbuncle
        
        A cluster of furunkle that form a connected area of infection under the skin
      - Leprosy
        
        Due to Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis which primarily affects the skin and peripheral nerves
        
        Tuberculoid
        
        1 or a few patches of flat, pale-colored skin
        
        Lepromatous
        
        Widespread skin bumps
        
        Borderline
      - Syphilis
        
        Due to Treponema pallidum
        
        Primary
        
        1 or more painless chancre
        
        Secondary
        
        Attacks the skin, mucosa, lymph nodes, eyes, liver, bones and nerves
        
        Latent
        
        Absence of signs or symptoms of disease, reactive serologic tests
        
        Tertiary
        
        Cutaneous, neurologic, or cardiovascular manifestations
      - Erythrasma
      - Erysipelas
      - Scrofuloderma
      - Ulcerative Impetigo (Ecthyma)
        
        Due to Streptococcus pyogenes or Staphylococcus aureus (a deeper form of impetigo)
        
        Crusted sores beneath which ulcers form
    - - Tinea/Pityriasis Versicolor
        
        Due to Malassezia furfur fungi
        
        Regional patch or plaque (hypopigmentation/hyperpigmentation/erythema)
      - Tinea Facialis
        
        Dermatophytosis of the glabrous facial skin
        
        Well-circumscribed erythematous patch
      - Tinea Corporis
        
        Dermatophytosis of the trunk, neck, arms, and legs
      - Tinea Cruris
        
        Dermatophytosis of the groin, genitalia, pubic area, and perineal and perianal skin
      - Tinea Kapitis
      - Tinea Barbe
      - Tinea Pedis
      - Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
    - - Pediculosis Pubis
        
        Infections and infestations of the body hair caused by the "crab" louse Phthirus pubis
        
        Pruritus, black powder in underwear, and blue spots or small spots of blood on skin
      - Scabies
        
        Due to Sarcoptes scabiei mite
        
        Classic
        
        Hyperkeratotic plaques that can be diffuse/localized to the palms, soles, and under fingernails
        
        Nodular
        
        Erythematous nodules with a tendency towards the axilla and groin
        
        Norwegian Crust
      - Cutaneous Larva Migran
        
        Due to nematodes (round-worm) larvae
        
        A creeping eruption
      - Filariasis
        
        Due to filariae nematode parasites of the family Filariidae
      - Pediculosis Capitis
        
        Infections and infestations of the scalp and human hair caused by the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis
        
        Pruritus, egg and live lice on scalp and hair
      - Insect Bites
        
        Traumatic injury or local inflammation and hypersensitivity to bites, stings, saliva, and venom
    - - Nummular Eczema
        
        Nummular (coin-shaped) plaques composed of grouped small papules and vesicles on an erythematous base
      - Irritant Contact Dermatitis
      - Allergic Contact Dermatitis
      - Atopic Dermatitis
      - Lichen Simplex Chronicus
      - Napkin Eczema
    - - Seborrheic Dermatitis
        
        Sebaceous gland-centered skin inflammation
      - Pityriasis Rosea
        
        Herald patch, smaller scaly oval patches on the trunk and proximal extremities (Christmas tree appearance)
      - Psoriasis Vulgaris
    - - Miliaria
        
        Blockage of the sweat ducts, which results in the leakage of eccrine sweat into the epidermis or dermis
      - Acne Vulgaris
        
        Affects pilosebaceous unit
        
        Non-inflammatory comedones
        
        Open
        
        Closed
        
        Inflammatory lesions
        
        Red papules
        
        Pustules
        
        Nodules
      - Hidradenitis Suppurativa
      - Perioral Dermatitis
    - - Urticaria
        
        Vascular reaction on skin
      - Angioedema
    - - Vulnus
        
        Punctum
        
        Sharp pointed objects
        
        Laceratum
        
        Collision with a blunt object
        
        Perforatum
        
        Penetratum
        
        Types of Wound
        
        Clean wound
        
        Contaminated wound
        
        Clean-contaminated wound
        
        Infected wound
      - Burns
        
        1st degree (superficial)
        
        Epidermis
        
        2nd degree (partial-thickness)
        
        Superficial
        
        Deep
        
        3rd degree (full-thickness)
        
        Epidermis + dermis + subcutaneous tissue
        
        4th degree
        
        Skin + muscle tissues, tendons, and nerves
      - Injury Due to Chemicals
      - Injury Due to Electric Shock
    - - Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
      - Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
    - - Fixed Drug Eruption
      - Exanthematous Drug Eruption
    - - Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation
      - Post-Inflammatory Hypopigmentation
      - Vitiligo
- - - - Head
        
        Bones
        
        Cranium
        
        Neurocranium
        
        Singular bones
        
        Ethmoid
        
        Sphenoidal
        
        Occipital
        
        Frontal
        
        Bilateral pairs
        
        Temporal
        
        Parietal
        
        Viscerocranium
        
        Singular bones
        
        Ethmoid
        
        Vomer
        
        Mandible
        
        Bilateral pairs
        
        Maxillae
        
        Inferior Nasal Conchae
        
        Zygomatic
        
        Palatine
        
        Nasal
        
        Lacrimal
        
        Muscles of Face and Scalp
        
        Occipitofrontalis
        
        Elevates eyebrow and wrinkles skin of forehead
        
        Protracts and retracts scalp
        
        Orbicularis Oculi
        
        Closes eyelids
        
        Corrugator Supercilii
        
        Draws eyebrow medially and inferiorly
        
        Procerus plus Transverse Part of Nasalis
        
        Depresses medial end of eyebrow
        
        Alar Part of Nasalis plus Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasii
        
        Flaring nostrils
        
        Orbicularis Oris
        
        Protrudes lips or resists distension
        
        Levator Labii Superioris
        
        Retract and/or evert upper lip
        
        Zygomaticus Minor
        
        Buccinator
        
        Presses cheek against molar teeth
        
        Zygomaticus Major
        
        Elevates labial commissure (smiling)
        
        Levator Anguli Oris
        
        Widens oral fissure (grinning)
        
        Risorius
        
        Depresses labial commissure (sadness)
        
        Depressor Anguli Oris
        
        Depressor Labil Inferioris
        
        Depress and/or everts lower lip (pouting, sadness)
        
        Mentalis
        
        Elevates and protrudes lower lip
        
        Elevates skin of chin (showing doubt)
        
        Platysma
        
        Depresses mandible (against resistance)
      - Neck
        
        Bones
        
        Cervical Vertebrae
        
        Hyoid Bone
        
        Manubrium of Sternum
        
        Clavicles
        
        Muscles
        
        Superficial
        
        Platysma
        
        Sternocleidomastoid
        
        Tilts and rotates head
        
        Trapezius
        
        Suprahyoid
        
        Mylohyoid
        
        Elevates hyoid, floor of mouth, and tongue (swallowing and speaking)
        
        Geniohyoid
        
        Pulls hyoid anterosuperiorly, widens pharynx
        
        Stylohyoid
        
        Elevates and retracts hyoid
        
        Digastric
        
        Depresses mandible against resistance
        
        Infrahyoid
        
        Sternohyoid
        
        Depresses hyoid after elevation (swallowing)
        
        Omohyoid
        
        Depresses and retracts hyoid
        
        Sternothyroid
        
        Depresses hyoid and larynx
        
        Thyrohyoid
        
        Depresses hyoid and elevates larynx
        
        Deep
        
        Prevertebral
        
        Longus Colli
        
        Flexes neck with rotation (torsion)
        
        Longus Capitis
        
        Flex head
        
        Rectus Capitis Anterior
        
        Anterior Scalene
        
        Rectus Capitis Lateralis
        
        Flexes and stabilizes head
        
        Splenius Capitis
        
        Flexes laterally and rotates or extends head and neck
        
        Levator Scapulae
        
        Middle Scalene
        
        Flexes neck laterally, elevates 1st rib (forced inspiration)
        
        Posterior Scalene
        
        Flexes neck laterally, elevates 2nd rib (forced inspiration)
      - Back
        
        Bones
        
        Vertebral Column
        
        made up of
        
        Vertebrae
        
        7 Processes
        
        3 more items...
        
        Vertebral Body
        
        33 Regions
        
        5 more items...
        
        Vertebral Arch
        
        Vertebral Foramen
        
        Joints
        
        Joints of Vertebral Bodies
        
        Symphyses
        (Secondary Cartilaginous Joints)
        
        Ligament
        
        Anterior Longitudinal
        
        Posterior Longitudinal
        
        IV Discs
        
        Nucleus Pulposus
        
        Annulus Fibrosus
        
        Joints of Vertebral Arches
        
        Facet (Zygapophyseal) Joints
        
        Craniovertebral Joints
        
        Atlanto-Occipital Joints
        
        Atlanto-Axial Joints
        
        Costovertebral Joints
        
        Sacro-Iliac Joints
        
        Curvatures
        
        Primary
        
        Thoracic and sacral kyphoses
        
        Secondary
        
        Cervical and lumbar lordoses
        
        Muscles
        
        Extrinsic
        
        Superficial
        
        Trapezius
        
        Latissimus Dorsi
        
        Levator Scapulae
        
        Rhomboids
        
        Intermediate
        
        Serratus Posterior
        
        Superior
        
        1 more item...
        
        Inferior
        
        1 more item...
        
        Intrinsic
        
        Superficial
        
        Splenius
        
        Flexes/extends and rotates the neck
        
        Intermediate
        
        Erector Spinae
        
        Flexes/extends the vertebral column
        
        Deep
        
        Major
        
        Transversospinalis
        
        3 more items...
        
        Minor
        
        Interspinales
        
        1 more item...
        
        Intertransversarii
        
        1 more item...
        
        Levatores Costarum
        
        2 more items...
    - - Lower Limb
        
        Bones
        
        Hip
        
        Illium
        
        Ischium
        
        Pubis
        
        Acetabulum
        
        Obturator Foramen
        
        Patella
        
        Fibula
        
        Femur
        
        Tibia
        
        Foot
        
        7 Tarsals
        
        5 Metatarsals
        
        Phalanges
        
        Joints
        
        Hip Joint
        
        Knee Joint
        
        Tibiofibular Joint
        
        Ankle Joint
        
        Foot Joints
        
        Subtalar
        
        Talocalcaneonavicular
        
        Calcaneocuboid
        
        Cuneonavicular
        
        Tarsometatarsal
        
        Intermetatarsal
        
        Metatarsophalangeal
        
        Interphalangeal
        
        Muscles
        
        Gluteal Region
        
        Gluteus Maximus
        
        Extends and laterally rotates thigh
        
        Gluteus Medius
        
        Abduct and medially
        rotate thigh
        
        Gluteus Minimus
        
        Tensor Fasciae Latae
        
        Piriformis
        
        Laterally rotate extended thigh
        and abduct flexed thigh
        
        Obturator Internus
        
        Superior and Inferior Gemelli
        
        Quadratus Femoris
        
        Laterally rotates thigh
        
        Anterior Thigh
        
        Pectineus
        
        Adducts and flexes thigh
        
        Iliopsoas
        
        Flexes and stabilizes thigh
        
        Sartorius
        
        Flexes, abducts, and
        laterally rotates thigh
        
        Quadriceps Femoris
        
        Extends leg
        
        Medial Thigh
        
        Adductor Longus
        
        Adducts thigh
        
        Adductor Brevis
        
        Adducts and flexes thigh
        
        Adductor Magnus
        
        Adducts and flexes or extends thigh
        
        Gracilis
        
        Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates leg
        
        Obturator Externus
        
        Laterally rotates thigh
        
        Posterior Thigh
        
        Semitendinosus
        
        Extend, flex, and medially rotate thigh
        
        Semimembranosus
        
        Biceps Femoris
        
        Flexes and laterally rotates leg
        
        Anterior Leg
        
        Tibialis Anterior
        
        Dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
        
        Extensor Digitorum Longus
        
        Extends lateral 4 digits and dorsiflexes ankle
        
        Extensor Hallucis Longus
        
        Extends great toe and dorsiflexes ankle
        
        Fibularis Tertius
        
        Dorsiflexes ankle and everts foot
        
        Lateral Leg
        
        Fibularis Longus
        
        Everts foot and weakly plantarflexes ankle
        
        Fibularis Brevis
        
        Posterior Leg
        
        Gastrocnemius
        
        Plantarflexes ankle
        
        Plantaris
        
        Soleus
        
        Popliteus
        
        Laterally rotates femur
        
        Tibialis Posterior
        
        Inverts and plantarflexes foot
        
        Flexor Digitorum Longus
        
        Flexes the lateral 4 toes
        
        Flexor Hallucis Longus
        
        Flexes the great toe
        
        Foot
        
        1st and 2nd Layers of Sole
        
        Abductor Hallucis
        
        Flexor Digitorum Brevis
        
        Abductor Digiti Minimi
        
        Quadratus Plantae
        
        Lumbricals
        
        3rd and 4th Layers of Sole
        
        Flexor Hallucis Brevis
        
        Adductor Hallucis
        
        Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
        
        Plantar Interossei
        
        Dorsal Interossei
      - Upper Limb
        
        Bones
        
        Pectoral Girdle
        
        Scapula (Shoulder Blade)
        
        Clavicle (Ollarbone)
        
        Arm
        
        Humerus
        
        Forearm
        
        Radius
        
        Ulna
        
        Wrist
        
        8 Carpal Bones
        
        Hand
        
        5 Metacarpal Bones
        
        14 Phalanges
        
        Joints
        
        Sternoclavicular
        
        Acromioclavicular
        
        Glenohumeral
        
        Elbow
        
        Radio-Ulnar
        
        Wrist
        
        Intercarpal
        
        Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal
        
        Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal
        
        Muscles
        
        Pectoral and Scapular Region
        
        Anterior Axio-Appendicular
        
        Pectoralis Major
        
        Adduction, medial rotation, flexion and extension of the arm
        
        Pectoralis Minor
        
        Stabilizes scapula
        
        Elevate ribs (deep inhalation)
        
        Subclavius
        
        Anchors and depresses clavicle
        
        Serratus Anterior
        
        Protracts scapula, pulls it anteriorly and laterally along the back
        
        Anchors the scapula
        
        Rotates the scapula upward
        
        Posterior Axio-Appendicular
        
        Superficial
        
        Trapezius
        
        3 more items...
        
        Latissimus Dorsi
        
        2 more items...
        
        Deep
        
        Levator Scapulae
        
        2 more items...
        
        Rhomboids
        
        2 more items...
        
        Scapulohumeral
        
        Deltoid
        
        Clavicular (Anterior)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Acromial (Middle)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Spinal (Posterior)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Teres Major
        
        Adducts and medially rotates arm
        
        Rotator Cuff
        
        Infraspinatus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Subscapularis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Teres Minor
        
        1 more item...
        
        Supraspinatus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Arm
        
        Anterior (Flexor)
        
        Biceps Brachii
        
        Supinates and flexes forearm
        
        Resists dislocation of shoulder
        
        Brachialis
        
        Flexes forearm in all positions
        
        Coracobrachialis
        
        Flexes and adducts arm
        
        Resists dislocation of shoulder
        
        Posterior (Extensor)
        
        Triceps Brachii
        
        Chief extensor of forearm
        
        Resists dislocation of humerus
        
        Anconeus
        
        Extends forearm
        
        Stabilizes elbow joint
        
        Forearm
        
        Anterior
        
        Superficial (First)
        
        Flexor Carpi Radialis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Pronator Teres
        
        1 more item...
        
        Palmaris Longus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
        
        1 more item...
        
        Intermediate
        
        Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
        
        2 more items...
        
        Deep
        
        Flexor Digitorum Profundus
        
        3 more items...
        
        Pronator Quadratus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Posterior
        
        Superficial
        
        Brachioradialis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Extensor Digitorum
        
        1 more item...
        
        Extensor Digiti Minimi
        
        1 more item...
        
        Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
        
        1 more item...
        
        Deep
        
        Supinator
        
        2 more items...
        
        Extensor Indicis
        
        2 more items...
        
        Abductor Pollicis Longus
        
        1 more item...
        
        Extensor Pollicis Longus
        
        2 more items...
        
        Extensor Pollicis Brevis
        
        2 more items...
        
        Hand
        
        Intrinsic
        
        Thenar
        
        Abductor Pollicis Brevis
        
        2 more items...
        
        Flexor Pollicis Brevis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Opponens Pollicis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Adductor
        
        Adductor Pollicis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Hypothenar
        
        Opponens Digiti Minimi
        
        1 more item...
        
        Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Abductor Digiti Minimi
        
        1 more item...
        
        Palmaris Brevis
        
        1 more item...
        
        Central
        
        4 Lumbricals
        
        2 more items...
        
        Interossei
        
        3 Palmar Interossei
        
        1 more item...
        
        4 Dorsal Interossei
        
        1 more item...
        
        Extrinsic
  - - - Composition of Skeleton
        
        Bones
        
        Cartilage
        
        Hyaline Cartilage
        
        Elastic Cartilage
        
        Fibrocartilage
      - Types of Bone
        
        Based on Density
        
        Compact Bone
        
        Spongy Bone
        
        Based on Shape
        
        Long
        
        Short
        
        Flat
        
        Irregular
        
        Sesamoid
        
        Based on Maturity
        
        Lamellar Bone
        
        Woven Bone
      - Bone Development
        
        Intramembranous Ossification
        
        Endochondral Ossification
      - Joints
        
        Based on Type of Tissue
        
        Fibrous Joints
        
        Cartilaginous Joints
        
        Synovial Joints
        
        Ball and Socket
        
        Condyloid
        
        Saddle
        
        Hinge
        
        Plane
        
        Pivot
        
        Based on Degree of Movement
        
        Synarthroses
        
        Diarthroses
        
        Amphiarthrosis
      - Bone Cells
        
        Osteocytes
        
        Osteoclasts
        
        Osteoblast
      - Bone Layers
        
        Periosteum
        
        Fibrous
        
        Cellular
        
        Endosteum
      - Cartilage
        Development
        
        Interstitial
        
        Appositional
      - Cartilage Cells
        
        Chondroblasts
        
        Chondrocytes
      - Bone Matrix
        
        Organic
        
        Inorganic
    - - Types
        
        Cardiac Muscle
        
        Smooth Muscle
        
        Skeletal Muscle
        
        Layer
        
        Epimysium
        
        Perimysium
        
        Endomysium
        
        Structure
        
        Sarcolemma
        
        Transverse Tubules
        
        Sarcoplasm
        
        Myofibrils
        
        Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Filaments
        
        Sarcomere
        
        Z discs
        
        A band
        
        I band
        
        H zone
        
        M line
      - Classification Based on Shape
        
        Flat
        
        Pennate
        
        Fusiform
        
        Convergent
        
        Quadrate
        
        Circular or Sphincteral Muscles
        
        Multiheaded or Multibellied
      - Contraction
        
        Reflexive
        
        Tonic
        
        Phasis
        
        Isotonic
        
        Isomeric
      - Functions
        
        Prime Mover (Agonist)
        
        Fixator
        
        Synergist
        
        Antagonist
  - - - Head
      - Facet
      - Epicondyle
      - Condyle
    - - Protuberance
      - Spinous Process
      - Spine
      - Trochanters
      - Tubercles
      - Tuberosity
      - Malleolus
      - Lines
      - Crests
      - Grooves
    - - Notch
      - Fossa
      - Foramen
  - - - Metabolic Role of Bone
        
        Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
        
        Increases plasma Ca2+ concentration and decreases plasma phosphate concentration
        
        Calcitonin (CT)
        
        Decreases plasma Ca2+
        
        Calcium Ions
        
        Vitamin D
        
        Increases Ca2+ and phosphate intestinal absorption
        
        Phosphate Ions
      - Bone Calcification
        
        Osteoblast secretes collagen & ground substances
        
        Osteoid is formed
        
        Osteocytes in the osteoid are formed
        
        Calcium salts begin to precipitate and form hydroxyapatite crystals
        
        Hydroxyapatite crystals work as buffer for extracellular calcium level
      - Bone Remodelling
        
        Deposition of bone by osteoblasts
        
        Resorption of bone by osteoclasts
    - - Contraction
  - - - Inflammatory Arthritis
        
        Crystal-Induced Arthritis
        
        Gout Arthritis
        
        Deposition of monosodium urate crystals in joints and other tissues due to hyperuricemia
        
        Primary (95%)
        
        Idiopathic
        
        Secondary
        
        Acquired
        
        Hereditary
        
        Pseudogout Arthritis
        
        Rheumatoid Arthritis
        
        Psoriatic Arthritis
      - Osteoarthritis
      - Septic Arthritis
    - - Leg Ulcer
        
        Arterial Ulcers
        
        Peripheral artery disease reduces blood flow
        
        Neuropathic Ulcers
        
        Damage in PNS due to mechanical or thermal trauma
        
        Tropical Ulcers
        
        Bacterial infections, usually found on individual living in a hot, humid tropical region
        
        Venous Ulcers (60-80%)
        
        Venous disease --> venous insufficiency
      - Decubitus Ulcer
    - - A slow-growing, fatty lump between skin and muscle
        
        Genetic
        
        Trauma
    - - Open Fracture
        
        Type I
        
        <1 cm, minimal
        
        Type II
        
        1 cm, moderate
        
        Type III
        
        A
        
        Severe with crushing
        
        C
        
        Very severe loss of coverage + vascular injury requiring repair
        
        B
        
        Very severe loss of coverage
      - Close Fracture
        
        Degree/Area
        
        Complete
        
        Transverse
        
        Straight line across the bone
        
        Spiral
        
        Twist around the bone
        
        Comminuted
        
        Shatters into 3 or more pieces
        
        Impacted
        
        1 fragment of bone goes into another
        
        Oblique
        
        Diagonal break across the bone
        
        Segmental
        
        2 fracture → isolate a segment of bone
        
        Incomplete
        
        Greenstick
        
        Occurs when a bone bends and cracks, instead of breaking completely into separate pieces
    - - Tuberculous Spondylitis
        
        Infection of tuberculosis affecting 1 or more vertebrae
      - Osteomyelitis
        
        Inflammation of bone and marrow, virtually always secondary to infection
      - Suppurative Tenosynovitis
    - - Shoulder
      - Elbow
      - Hip
      - Knee
      - Ankle
    - - Muscle
        
        The stretching or tearing of ligaments within a joint
      - Ankle
        
        An injury that occurs when the ankle rolls, twists or turns in an awkward way
    - - Primary
        
        Postmenopausal
        
        Idiopathic
      - Secondary
        
        Genetic
        
        Nutritional
        
        Endocrine
        
        Latrogenic
        
        Disorder with associated osteoporosis
        
        Regional osteoporosis
- - - - Best Interests
      - Autonomy
      - Rights
  - - - Primary
      - Secondary
      - Tertiary
- - - - Bacitracin & Gramicidin
      - Mupirocin
      - Retapamulin
      - Polymyxin B Sulfate
      - Neomycin & Gentamicin
      - Antibiotics in Acne
        
        Clindamycin
        
        Erythromycin
        
        Metronidazole
        
        Dapsone
  - - - Azole
      - Ciclopirox Olamine
      - Tavaborole
      - Allylamines
      - Butenafine
      - Tolnaftate
      - Nystatin & Amphotericin B
    - - Azole
      - Terbinafine
      - Griseofulvin
  - - - Acyclovir
      - Penciclovir
      - Valacyclovir
      - Famciclovir
  - - - Apremilast
      - Fumaric Acid Esters
- - - - Aspirin
    - - Non-Selective
        
        Ibuprofen
        
        Naproxen
        
        Ketorolac
        
        Indomethacin
        
        Sulindac
        
        Meloxicam
        
        Tolmetin
        
        Sulindac
      - Selective COX-2
        
        Celecoxib
  - - - Leflunomide
      - Sulfasalazine
      - Methotrexate
      - Azathioprine
      - Cyclosporine
      - Chloroquine & Hydroxychloroquine
      - Cyclophosphamide
      - Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF)
    - - T cell-modulating biologic
        
        Abatacept
      - Cytotoxic agent
        
        Rituximab
      - Anti IL-6 receptor antibody
        
        Tocilizumab
      - IL-1–
        Inhibiting Agents
        
        Anakinra
        
        Rilonacept
        
        Canakinumab
      - TNF-α–blocking agents
        
        Adalimumab
        
        Certolizumab
        
        Etanercept
        
        Golimumab
        
        Infliximab
  - - - Indomethacin
  - - - Primary
        
        Vitamin D
        
        Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23)
        
        Parathyroid Hormone
      - Secondary
        
        Calcitonin
        
        Glucocorticoids
        
        Estrogens
    - - Bisphosphonates
      - Denosumab
      - Calcimimetics
      - Thiazide Diuretics
      - Fluoride
      - Strontium Ranelate