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HSP 3U: Introduction to Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology - Coggle…

- - - - Sigmund Freud Theories (mostly incorrect)
        
        Oedipus Complex
        
        Penis Envy
        
        Castration Anxiety
      - First school of psychology and created the entire idea of psychology
      - Proven mostly incorrect
      - Conscious Mind
        
        The mental process you are aware of
        
        Everything you think, and imagine
      - Unconscious Mind
        
        Actions done without thought
        
        Gut feelings or reactions
        
        Breathing
      - ID
        
        Pleasure driven
        
        Human desire
        
        Subconscious/ instinct
      - Superego
        
        Unconscious and conscious
        
        Moral duties
        
        thought and care for others
      - Ego
        
        Rational and conscious
        
        Balance of impulse and pleasure against needs and obligations
    - - .
        
        Observational Learning
        
        Observation and imitation of others
        
        Operant Conditioning
        
        Key terms
        
        Behaviour is untaught(Punishment)
        
        Behaviour is taught(Reinforcement)
        
        Stimulus is removed(Negative)
        
        Stimulus is added(positive)
        
        Skinner's experiments
        
        Trained a rat to click a button (action) to receive a reward of food (stimuli)
        
        Rewarded pigeons at random (stimuli) to observe what actions they believed caused this stimuli
        
        Train to complete an action for stimuli
        
        Classical Conditioning
        
        Little albert experiment
        
        Explained that phobias are learned behaviours
        
        conditioned fear (behaviour) in response to white fluffy animals (stimuli)
        
        immoral experiment: caused trauma in a baby
        
        Pavlov's experiment
        
        Fed everytime a bell was sound
        
        Explained reaction to stimulus
        
        Trained a dog to salivate(behaviour) to a bell (stimulus)
        
        Trained behaviour in response to stimuli
    - - The way we change through different moments in our life
      - Sigmeund Frued
        
        Freuds stages of development
        
        Pleasures relation to maturity
        
        Prerequisite to each other
        
        Fixation on early developmental stages comes from unresolved biological conflict
        
        Oral, anal, or phallic conflict
        
        Can cause behaviours stemming from those areas
        
        Smoking, overeating, nail biting
      - Jean Piaget
        
        Studies IQ at various ages
        
        Children case study
        
        Lead to theories in developmental pyschology
        
        Influences institutions like education
        
        Appropriate learning material for each age
      - Harry Harlow
        
        Studied primates in order to study human actions
        
        Children had attachment to carers
        
        Studied stronger need: Physical or emotional
        
        Surrogate mother experiment
        
        Shows Dependance on caregivers for more than just physical needs
        
        Emotional needs are important for attachment
        
        Emotional lack at a young age contributed to issues in later life
      - Erik Erikson
        
        Believed in continuous development
        
        Growth doesn't only depend on personal experiences, but society too
        
        Adolescent experience identity crisis that varies depending on time period or society
        
        Teens create unconscious conflicts do to self-consciousness
    - - Psychologists
        
        Focus on patients involvment in thepary
        
        Focus on future growth over development
        
        Works with qualitative approaches
      - Abraham Maslow
        
        Founded the Hierarchy of Needs
        
        Self Actualization
        
        Esteem
        
        Love/ Belonging
        
        Safety
        
        Psychological
        
        Must be completed from bottom to top
        
        Issues with Hierarchy
        
        Self actualization referred to white males with education
        
        Idea of prerequisite stages
        
        Excluded creative or impoverished individuals
    - - Carl Jung Theories
        
        Self Awareness allows us to overcome challenges
        
        Understanding out own personalities by...
        
        analyzing attitudes
        
        analyzing motivations
        
        analyzing reactions to challenge
        
        Understand unconscious decisions to alter conscious choices
        
        Change patterns
        
        Change behaviours
        
        Change usual outcomes
        
        "I am what I choose to become"
        
        4 Personality Types
        
        Thinkers
        
        Feelers
        
        Sensations
        
        Intuition
        
        Created terms introvert and extrovert
- - - - Small scale study of society
      - Focus on Individuals of development of beliefs and actions through daily life
      - Humans need to find meaning in interactions
        
        Shape humans perception of people and things including ourselves
    - - Humans ability to be productive
        
        Satisfies needs as individuals
      - competition between groups for resources and power
      - Route of social class division
      - Karl Marx
        
        Created communism "Marxism"
        
        Believe control and power comes with wealth
        
        Theory modified by Max Webber
        
        Power can come with a variety of things
    - - Studies societies interdependent
      - Explores functionality of all elements of society
        
        Family contributes to...
        
        Reproduction
        
        takes care of members
        
        Raises members of society
      - Emile Durkham
        
        Humans need some degree of control
        
        Belief in rules and society
        
        Believes humans are naturally immoral
- - - - Interdependence within social systems
        
        importance in long-term survival
      - success in meeting the needs of individuals
      - Functionality in beliefs, actions, and relationships
    - - Marvin Harris
        
        Application to sacred cow (Hindu)
        
        Cows are used for agriculture in India
      - Cultural development depends on...
        
        Materials/conditions
        
        Climate/Geography
        
        Food Supply
      - Culture develops through trial and error
      - if there's no value to development, it disappears
        
        Religion must be valuable
        
        Law must be valuable
        
        Government must be valuable
    - - True Knowledge about the world is impossible
      - Anthropologists cannot study objectively
        
        Personal Influence and relationships develop between subjects
        
        Participants become effected by informants
      - Reflexivity
        
        Examine beliefs, practices, and judgment
        
        Reflect how they are influenced during research
      - Deconstruct "truth" in society
    - - Examine Fossils and tools from the past
        
        Bones
        
        Cause of death
        
        Age of subject at death
        
        Diet of subject
        
        Habitat of subject
        
        Tools
        
        Learn how neandrathals made tools
        
        Sharpened rocks for various uses
        
        Accessible materials at there time
        
        Discoveries made at this time
        
        Art
        
        Represented the world at the time
        
        How neandrathals taught and learned
        
        recreational activities at the time
        
        Animals commonly hunted
      - Try to learn about ancient life
      - Louis Leakey
        
        Studied human fossils in Europe and Asia
        
        Proved evolution began in Africa
        
        Migrated trhoughout the world
    - - Social Animals
        
        Interact with other members of species
        
        Achieve goals and work together
        
        Family units support and live among each other
        
        Elderly teach the young
        
        Humans, monkeys, ants
      - Louis Leakey
        
        Had influence in primatology
        
        Was not a primatologist
        
        Believed studying primates could aid in
        learning of ancient humans.
        
        Sponsor to famous Primatologists to study among primates
        
        Jane Goddall
        
        Lived among chimpanzees and studied in the 60s
        
        Changed view on primates and humans
        
        Proved 1950's assumptions wrong
      - "What it means to be human"
        
        1950's Assumptions of humans
        
        Only species with language
        
        Only species with personality
        
        only species with feelings
        
        Nothing stopping primate species from experiencing human like evolution and intellegence
        
        Research found primates can use tools, sign language and art
      - Commonalities between primates and humans (natural occurances)
        
        Language
        
        creation of tools
        
        Hierarchy
        
        Hatred and Love