HSP 3U: Introduction to Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology
Psychology
Sociology
Anthropology
Schools of Thought
Psychodynamic Theory
Behavioural Pyschology
Developmental Psychology
Humanistic Psychology
Analyitical Psychology
Schools Of Thought
Symbolic Interaction
Conflict Theory
Schools Of Thought
Functional Theory
Cultural Materialism
Postmodernism
Paleoanthropology
Primatology
Interdependence within social systems
success in meeting the needs of individuals
Functionality in beliefs, actions, and relationships
importance in long-term survival
Marvin Harris
Cultural development depends on...
Materials/conditions
Climate/Geography
Food Supply
Culture develops through trial and error
if there's no value to development, it disappears
Religion must be valuable
Law must be valuable
Government must be valuable
Application to sacred cow (Hindu)
Cows are used for agriculture in India
True Knowledge about the world is impossible
Anthropologists cannot study objectively
Personal Influence and relationships develop between subjects
Participants become effected by informants
Reflexivity
Deconstruct "truth" in society
Examine beliefs, practices, and judgment
Reflect how they are influenced during research
Examine Fossils and tools from the past
Try to learn about ancient life
Bones
Tools
Art
Cause of death
Age of subject at death
Diet of subject
Habitat of subject
Learn how neandrathals made tools
Accessible materials at there time
Discoveries made at this time
Sharpened rocks for various uses
Represented the world at the time
How neandrathals taught and learned
recreational activities at the time
Animals commonly hunted
Louis Leakey
Studied human fossils in Europe and Asia
Proved evolution began in Africa
Migrated trhoughout the world
Social Animals
Interact with other members of species
Achieve goals and work together
Family units support and live among each other
Elderly teach the young
Humans, monkeys, ants
Louis Leakey
Had influence in primatology
Was not a primatologist
Believed studying primates could aid in
learning of ancient humans.
Sponsor to famous Primatologists to study among primates
Jane Goddall
Lived among chimpanzees and studied in the 60s
Changed view on primates and humans
"What it means to be human"
1950's Assumptions of humans
Only species with language
Only species with personality
only species with feelings
Proved 1950's assumptions wrong
Nothing stopping primate species from experiencing human like evolution and intellegence
Commonalities between primates and humans (natural occurances)
Research found primates can use tools, sign language and art
Language
creation of tools
Hierarchy
Hatred and Love
Functionalism
Studies societies interdependent
Explores functionality of all elements of society
Family contributes to...
Reproduction
takes care of members
Raises members of society
Small scale study of society
Focus on Individuals of development of beliefs and actions through daily life
Humans need to find meaning in interactions
Shape humans perception of people and things including ourselves
Humans ability to be productive
Satisfies needs as individuals
competition between groups for resources and power
Route of social class division
Emile Durkham
Humans need some degree of control
Belief in rules and society
Believes humans are naturally immoral
Karl Marx
Created communism "Marxism"
Believe control and power comes with wealth
Theory modified by Max Webber
Power can come with a variety of things
Carl Jung Theories
Self Awareness allows us to overcome challenges
Understanding out own personalities by...
analyzing attitudes
analyzing motivations
analyzing reactions to challenge
Understand unconscious decisions to alter conscious choices
Change patterns
Change behaviours
Change usual outcomes
"I am what I choose to become"
4 Personality Types
Thinkers
Feelers
Sensations
Intuition
Created terms introvert and extrovert
The way we change through different moments in our life
Sigmeund Frued
Freuds stages of development
Pleasures relation to maturity
Prerequisite to each other
Fixation on early developmental stages comes from unresolved biological conflict
Oral, anal, or phallic conflict
Can cause behaviours stemming from those areas
Smoking, overeating, nail biting
Jean Piaget
Studies IQ at various ages
Children case study
Lead to theories in developmental pyschology
Influences institutions like education
Appropriate learning material for each age
Harry Harlow
Studied primates in order to study human actions
Children had attachment to carers
Studied stronger need: Physical or emotional
Surrogate mother experiment
Shows Dependance on caregivers for more than just physical needs
Emotional needs are important for attachment
Emotional lack at a young age contributed to issues in later life
Erik Erikson
Believed in continuous development
Growth doesn't only depend on personal experiences, but society too
Adolescent experience identity crisis that varies depending on time period or society
Teens create unconscious conflicts do to self-consciousness
Sigmund Freud Theories (mostly incorrect)
First school of psychology and created the entire idea of psychology
Proven mostly incorrect
Conscious Mind
The mental process you are aware of
Everything you think, and imagine
Unconscious Mind
Actions done without thought
Gut feelings or reactions
Breathing
ID
Superego
Ego
Pleasure driven
Human desire
Subconscious/ instinct
Rational and conscious
Balance of impulse and pleasure against needs and obligations
Unconscious and conscious
Moral duties
thought and care for others
Oedipus Complex
Penis Envy
Castration Anxiety
.
Observational Learning
Observation and imitation of others
Operant Conditioning
Key terms
Behaviour is untaught(Punishment)
Behaviour is taught(Reinforcement)
Stimulus is removed(Negative)
Stimulus is added(positive)
Skinner's experiments
Trained a rat to click a button (action) to receive a reward of food (stimuli)
Rewarded pigeons at random (stimuli) to observe what actions they believed caused this stimuli
Train to complete an action for stimuli
Classical Conditioning
Little albert experiment
Explained that phobias are learned behaviours
conditioned fear (behaviour) in response to white fluffy animals (stimuli)
immoral experiment: caused trauma in a baby
Pavlov's experiment
Fed everytime a bell was sound
Explained reaction to stimulus
Trained a dog to salivate(behaviour) to a bell (stimulus)
Trained behaviour in response to stimuli
Psychologists
Focus on patients involvment in thepary
Focus on future growth over development
Works with qualitative approaches
Abraham Maslow
Founded the Hierarchy of Needs
- Self Actualization
- Esteem
- Love/ Belonging
- Safety
- Psychological
Must be completed from bottom to top
Issues with Hierarchy
Self actualization referred to white males with education
Idea of prerequisite stages
Excluded creative or impoverished individuals