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CHAPTER 2: THE BASIC PLANNING PROCESS, image, image - Coggle Diagram
CHAPTER 2: THE BASIC PLANNING PROCESS
THE BASIC PLANNING PROCESS
Study Preparation
The government decided through its institutional process to develop tourism, or expand or improve its present development with a proper planned.
This will be focusing on any issues relative to economic, environmental & social costs and benefits of developing or expanding tourism
When the plan and its targets and recommendations have been identified, it is expected to have a flexible time framework for making projections, setting targets and staging development.
Determination of Goals & Objectives
Objectives should be decided at the commencement of the study. This will determine the types of surveys & analyses should be done.
Feedback to the objectives needs to be run after completing the analysis to determine whether the objectives are being achieved.
Alternative plan need to be prepared incase incompatible objective are found
Survey
Data collecting both quantitative and qualitative
Market survey
Analysis & Synthesis
Both quantitative & qualitative analysis & synthesis of the survey information must be carefully done
Synthesis is the identification of the major opportunities & problems or constraints for developing tourism in an area.
The quality & extent of analysis very much depend on the availability of adequate & accurate survey data.
Policy & Plan Formulation
Normally lead by the government
Focus on domestic tourism or international tourism
Economic reasons, social reason, to achieve environmental conservation is a few of the reason why development should be stated in policy
Alternative plans are evaluate in terms of their potential economic
The plan that achieves the most objectives while not exposing the destination to potentially serious problems is then selected and then drawn up in full.
Recommendation
The completed plan is submitted to the authorities together with selection of recommendation and achieving the plan’s objectives.
Alternatives must also be evaluated before the most suitable ones can be determined.
Implementation
Methods of implementing the development plan will be consider throughout most stages of its construction.
By the time that the implementation stage is reach, all the necessary legislation and regulation controls will be bring into effect
Monitoring & Reformation
After the development plan is implemented it must be monitor closely to defect any deviations.
A deviations may occur from the projected path of development, it must be analyses in order to assess how they will affect the development plan and its objectives.
APPROACHES TO TOURISM PLANNING
Planning Approaches & Techniques
GENERAL APPROACH
Planning is continuous
Must be flexible and yet still meet basic development objectives.
Planning should be done incrementally with continuous monitoring and feedback on effects of previous development and evaluation of new trends.
All aspects of the area or development sector being planned must be understood and carefully integrated to avoid environmental problem.
It is important to involve the community in the planning process and decision making, they should be given the opportunities in the planning of its future.
The concern for the environmental is really important while practice development activity.
Basic Tourism Planning Approach
Continuous, incremental and flexible – Tourism planning is seen as a continuous process with adjustments made as needed based on monitoring and feedback.
Systems approach – TXourism is viewed as an interrelated system and should be planned as such, utilizing systems
Comprehensive approach – All aspects of tourism development, including its institutional elements & environmental and sociocultural implications are analyzed and planned comprehensively.
Integrated approach – Tourism is planned and developed as system within itself and also is integrated into the overall plan and total development patterns of the area
Environmental & sustainable development approach – Tourism is developed and managed in such a manner that its natural & cultural resources are not depleted/degraded, but maintained as viable resources on a permanent basis for continuous future use.
Community approach – There is a maximum involvement of the local community in the planning and decision making process
Implementable approach – The tourism development policy, plan, and recommendations are formulated to be realistic and implementable
Systematic planning process – the process is applied in tourism planning based on logical sequence activities
Tourism Planning Approaches
BOOSTERISM
An attitude that tourism development is inherently good and of automatic benefit to the hosts.
Little consideration is given to the potential negative economic, social and environmental impacts of tourism
The dominant tradition towards tourism development and planning since mass tourism began
Residents of tourist destinations are not involved in the decision making and planning process
Is lead by politicians who philosophically believe that economic growth is always to be promoted, and by others who will gain financially by tourism.
Economic, Industry-oriented Approach
Tourism is seen as an industry which can be used as a tool by governments to achieve certain goals of economic growth
Government utilizes tourism as a means to promote growth & development in specific areas
The planning emphasize is on the economic impacts of tourism and its most efficient use to create income and employment benefits
The use of marketing and promotion is to attract the type of visitors
Economic goals are given priority over social & ecological questions
Physical/spatial Approach
The origins in the work of geographers, urban and regional land-use planners and conservationists
Land use planning is one of the oldest forms of environmental protection
Refers to ‘planning with a spatial, or geographical, component, in which the general objective is to provide for a spatial structure of activities
Tourism is often regarded as having an ecological base with a resultant need for development to be based upon certain spatial patterns
Many visitor managers seek to manipulate travel patterns by concentrating or dispersing tourists in sensitive areas to minimize the impact of tourists on the physical environment
Community-oriented Approach
Attention has come to be given to the negative environmental & social impacts of tourism
Tourism grew undesirable impacts
Examination of the social impacts of tourism became to be regarded as essential not only from an ethical perspective of the need for community involvement
Sustainable Tourism Approach
A primary objective of providing lasting and secure livelihoods which minimize resources depletion, environmental degradation, cultural disruption and social instability.
The importance of incorporating sustainable development goals and principles into the operations should be precisely considered.
TOURISM SYSTEM
Tourism is viewed as a single system comprised which a combination of things of parts forming a complex role.
It can be defined, analyzed, planned and managed in an integrated manner.
Understanding the interrelationships between several parts of the system enables all tourism stakeholders to improve planning & management effectiveness
Leiper’s Model
Generating region – this is the source region of the tourist and the place where the journey begins & ends.
Transit region or route – this is the region which the tourist must travel through to reach his destination.
Destination region – this is the region which the tourist chooses to visit and where the most obvious consequences of the system occur.
Mill and Morrison’s Model (1985)
Market - highlights the decision of the individual to travel and or become a tourist.
Travel – describes & analyses the where, when and how of the individual tourist’s travel behavior
Destination – consists of the study of the destination mix, i.e. –the attractions and services that are used by the tourist.
Marketing – highlights the importance of marketing in encouraging people to travel
Murphy, Hall and McArthur’s Model
Emphasize the supply and demand dimensions of tourism
Tourists from core generating markets are identified as the demand side.
All facilities, programs, attractions and land uses designed and managed for visitors
TOURISM DESTINATION LIFECYCLE
Destination
“a country, state, region, city or town which is marketed or markets itself as a place for tourists to visit.”
A destination is a product that must be marketed to its consumers.
Destination Lifecycle (Butler, 1980)
Stage: Exploration
Exploration is the earliest stage
Characterized by very few tourist arrivals and very little impact
Natural and social economic environment of the destination has not changed because of travel
Stage: Involvement
Involvement is the second stage
Local community responds to the opportunities created by tourism by offering specialized services:
Natural and social economic environment of the destination has not changed because of travel.
Stage: Development
Development is the third stage
A huge perfect tour market has already been established, drawing great quantities of foreign investment.
The transportation condition, local facilities etc. – the tremendous improvement.
The modern and large-scale facilities have already changed the image of the destination
Stage: Consolidation
Consolidation is the fourth stage
Local residents have the bad impression towards tourist arrivals
The facilities of the past declines for the second class facilities
Stage: Stagnation
Stagnation is the fifth stage
Vsitor numbers and tourism growth stagnate due to the deterioration
The tour environment capacity reaches or exceeds the limits; causes many economical, social and the environmental problems
Surplus capacity persists, prompting frequent price wars that lead to further product deterioration and bankruptcies
Destination is perceived to be “out of fashion”.
Stage: Decline
Decline is the six stage
No longer satisfied with the available product
no/unsuccessful attempts are made by destination stakeholders to revitalize the local tourist product
