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Health Science Semester 1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Specific hormones are picked up by specific parts of the body and react uniquely, similar to a radio station tuned to a certain wavelength. Cells targeted by certain hormones are called target cells.
      - Bodily functions such as metabolism, growth, development and sexual reproduction are all caused by hormones.
      - Similar to the nervous system, it regulates to keep the body from becoming stressed or fatigued. However, its responses and effects are longer lasting and slower than those of the nervous system.
- - - - Four main components
        
        Gastrointestinal tract: The channel that move the food through the digestive system
        
        Liver, Pancreas, and gallbladder: Organs that break down food into core substances and minerals using enzymes, bile and other special juices
        
        Enzymes, hormones, blood and nerves: components that help to break down the food, contribute to the digestive process, and transport the nutrients to the entire body.
        
        Mesentery: Large tissue that keeps all digestive organs in the torso safe and positioned correctly
    - - The Digestive Process
        
        The Mouth: Saliva glands (containing enzymes), teeth and the tongue work to chew the food into a lump (bolus) and remove any starch before swallowing.
        
        Oesophagus: The bolus makes its way down a long tube called the oesophagus, forced down by gravity and peristalsis (muscle contractions to propel food into the stomach).
        
        Stomach: Breaks the bolus into smaller parts, and produces hydrochloric acid to break down the food into fats and proteins to turn the bolus into chyme. Protected by a layer of mucus, food spends the longest time in the stomach.
        
        Small intestine: The chyme is sprayed by bile and other enzyme rich juices in the small intestine to dissolve the fats, proteins and carbohydrates into fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids, and glucose for easier body absorption. The spraying of bile happens in the duodenum, whilst the breakdown of fats, proteins and carbs happen in the jejunum and the ileum which contains tentacles called villi that absorb and transport nutrients into the bloodstream.
        
        Large intestines: Any fibre, dead cells or other excess fluids that the body doesn’t need is transported into the large intestine, where liquids are absorbed and the waste turned into stool.
        
        Rectum: The stool is then held in the rectum, a pouch that holds all the stool until the body tells it to expand. When one goes to the toilet to excrete the stool exits the body through the anus into the toilet below.
        
        Time taken for food to go through digestive system: 30-40 hours
- - - - Central Nervous System
        
        Utilises the sense organs and coordinate appropriate decisions through muscles and glands.
        
        Acts as the coordinator of the two different systems, as it has the ability to make sense of what surrounds the body.
        
        Consists of only the brain and the spinal cord.
        
        Rest and Digest (parasympathetic) v/s Fight and Flight (sympathetic)
    - - Neurons are special cells that carry electrical signal "messages" to and from the central nervous system.
        
        The 3 main types of neurons are:
        
        Sensory Neurons: Transmits signals from sensory organs to the central nervous system.
        
        Motor Neurons: Transmits from the central nervous system to either muscles or glands for an appropriate response.
        
        Interneurons: Acts as a bridge between sensory neurons and motor neurons.
      - They are all generally structured in the same way, consisting of:
        
        Cell body: where the nucleus is located
        
        Dendrite: branch that receives messages
        
        Axon: thread-like structure that sends off signals to other neurons
        
        Myelin sheath: a thick layer that insulates the axon and dendrites
    - - Peripheral Nervous System
        
        Central makes decisions, Peripheral carries out the actions.
        
        Consists of a pathway of nerves that acts as a bridge between the central nervous system and sensory organs.
        
        Spread throughout the entire body, unlike the Central Nervous System.
- - - - Amygdala: Plays a key role in emotions and regulates survival behaviour and tagging emotional memories for long storage.
        
        Hippocampus: Involved in converting information from working memory to long term storage to make meaning of new information.
        
        Limbic System: Collection of organs within the brain involved in memory, controlling emotions, decision making, motivation and learning.
        
        Thalamus: Organ involved in sensory memory and attention.
- - - - carbohydrates
        
        The types of carbohydrates, food sources
        Monosaccharides (glucose), Disaccharides(Sucrose/Table sugar), Polysaccharides (Starch, Cellulose).
        
        • proteins
        
        The building blocks of proteins
        Proteins are made of amino acids, and are used to build and repair muscles and bones, as well as to make hormones
        
        • lipids
        
        The building blocks of lipids, the type of lipids
        Glycerol and fatty acids are what makes up lipids, and the three types of lipids are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
        
        • vitamins
        
        Vitamins are needed in small amounts to keep the rest of the body healthy, and also boost some chemical reactions in the body. They are most commonly found in fruits, vegetables and poultry.
        
        • minerals.
        
        Examples of mineral elements and food sources
        Iron (meats, fish, grains), Sodium (salt), Potassium(Bananas, oranges, etc.), Phosphorus (Dairy, nuts, seafood), Iodine (fish, seafood), Fluoride (Spinach, grapes, potatoes), Zinc (onions, broccoli, cauliflower), Calcium (dairy)
    - - Recommended daily nutrients for an adult male
        
        Energy: 8700kj
        
        Fibre: 38g
        
        Fats: 77g
        
        Sugar: 37.5g
        
        Carbs: 290g
        
        Protein: 56g
      - Tips for Mental Wellbeing
        
        Keeping one or two hobbies, having a purpose or goal to live for
        
        Meditation, breathing exercises
        
        Regular Exercise, daily walks or jogs
        
        Social Interactions, healthy conversations