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DP 3 - Coggle Diagram
DP 3
INEQUALITY AND DISCRIMINATION
race
racial discrimination occurs around the world and often results in social exclusion, preventing millions of people from participating in the society in which they live (such as education, healthcare, community participation, employment and housing.)
religion
many members of religious or belief communities face discrimination, this often results in an inability to realize their human rights and participates in the community in which they live for example ( accessing public education, health services and employment.)
religious discriminatio. ca contribute to:
anxiety, depression, psychiatric disorders, stress, decreased life satisfaction, self-rated poor health status, tobacco smoking, alcohol use and drug use.
sex
sex refers to the physiological characteristics including DNA and sex organs, in most cases people are born either female or male although some people are born with a combination of both male and female characteristic which is referred to as intersex.
females often have less power/control over resources than males, this can lead to disadvantages in economic, political, social, educational and health domains.
forced marriage and female genital mutilation are examples of how sex can impact health.
gender
gender identity describes how individuals perceive themselves, gender identity can be the same or different from the sex assigned at birth (female, male, other etc.
individuals who are transgender or gender non-conforming are at higher risk of discrimination in most societies and experience:
higher rates of mental disorders, higher rates of physical and sexual assault and increased rates of self harm indulging suicide.
inequity refers to a disparity or unequal distribution of income or resources including health. discrimination refers to treating, or proposing to treat, someone differently because of a personal characteristic such as race, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity and /or religion.
sexual orientation
this refers to the sex that an individual is sexually and romantically attracted to, it is also associated with discrimination and inequality around the world.
those who do not identify as hetorosexual are often subjected to discrimination such as:
refused jobs, refused opportunities for education, refused health care, subjected to sexual assault, subjected to physical beatings, subjected to criminal proceedings and in some countries subjected to death penalties.
SANITATION
latrine or flushing toilet
for adequate sanitation their must be access to a latrine or flushing toilet to avoid open defecation and the health risks that it causes
waste disposal
provision of facilities and services for safe disposal of human urine and feces contributed to levels of sanitation
maintenece of hygenic conditions
for adequate sanitation the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and waste water disposal much be established
clean water
without adequate sanitation people may ave to openly defecate in places such as gutters, bushes and into open bodies of water, this waste is often swept into water sources contaminating clean water that eventually will be consumed by humans.
sanitation generally refers to provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and feces, but can also refer to the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater collection.
GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION AND MARKETING
increases in technology and increased globalisation have led to reduction in trade barriers, increased communication (marketing) and transport of goods and services around the globe, including tobacco, alcohol and processed foods.
tobacco
manufactures often target low and middle income countries
the laws, taxes, regulations and public awareness campaigns that operate in many high income countries are often non-existant in low and middle income countries, distribution ins low to middle income countries has increased in an attempt to increase global sales.
alcohol
global alcohol consumption has increased over time mostly in low to middle income countries, like tobacco manufactures are increasing marketing their products toward people in low to middle income countries.
processed foods
processed foods relate to any food items that have been deliberately changed before being made available to eat
some processed foods can be healthy however others contain significant amounts of added salt, sugar and/or fat and the consumption of such products should be limited such as hamburgers, pizza and french fries.
unhealthy processed foods are often cheap and more financially accessible to those in low to middle income countries.
SAFE WATER
food preparation and cooking
clean water is essential to wash food products and remove harmful pathogens that could lead to illness, cooking requires clean water to ensure food is safe for human consumption.
washing and hygiene
clean water is required to maintain high levels of personal hygiene and prevents infection through handwashing, bathing and showering
agriculture and production
clean water is required for the production of food and other products such as electricity and clothing
safe clean water relates to water that is safe for human use and is free from contamination including disease-causing pathogens, feaces (human or animal) or chemicals ,such as mercury or lead.
POVERTY
poverty refers to those living on US $1.90 per day of less than 50% of their countries average income
poverty reduces the access to:
adequate housing
individuals living in poverty often do not have access to adequate housing, without adequate housing elements such as ventilation indoor air pollution can occur, overcrowding in inadequate housing can spread infectious illness or little to no heating or cooling.
healthcare
poverty can cause the inability to access health care accessible to Australians such as Medicare and PBS for individuals including children and pregnant women, few countries have such healthcare making healthcare inaccessible for many in middle to low income countries.
education
schooling is compulsory and subsidized (public/government schools) in many middle to high-income countries however for individuals living in poverty many children can not access education due to unaffordable school fees or children being forced to withdraw from school to work to help support their families.
clean water and sanitation
poverty restricts the ability of the governments to provide resources such as clean water and sanitation.
nutritious foods
poverty creates an inability to afford nutritious foods causing undernutrition and dietary related illnesses.
government services and infasturucture
the level of GNI in a country can affect the government's ability to provide access to clean water, sanitation, health care, public education and social protection measures. the more money governments taxation produces the greater the opportunity for governments to provide resources to its citizens.
unemployed citizens cannot afford high taxes, therefore, cannot contribute to governments tax revenue for it to be re-distributed to citizen resources, some governments do not always use the tax money for resources creating higher poverty rates.
cycle of poverty
->low income -> poor living conditions-> poor health and wellbeing-> lack of education-> inability to secure meaningful employment->