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HSP 3U: Introduction to Psychology, Sociology, and Anthropology - Coggle…

- - - - Sigmund Freud
        
        Father of Psychology
        
        He made psychology popular to study
        
        He researched the unconscious mind
        
        Impact on actions
        
        Impact on choices
        
        Impact on dreams
        
        Theories are mostly discredited
    - - B. F. Skinner
        
        He researched why we act and
        react to our environments.
        
        Classical Conditioning
        
        Associating an involuntary response and a stimulus
        
        Operant Conditioning
        
        Associating a voluntary behavior and a consequence
    - - Harry Harlow
        
        He believed that infants formed an attachment to those who provided them with nourishment.
        
        He discovered that infants rely on their caregivers for not only their physical needs but also their emotional needs.
      - Sigmund Freud
        
        He believed that personality development in childhood occurs through five psychosexual stages
        
        Oral stage
        
        Birth to 1 Year
        
        Anal Stage
        
        1 to 3 years
        
        Phallic Stage
        
        3 to 6 Years
        
        Latent Period
        
        6 to Puberty
        
        Genital Stage
        
        Puberty to Death
        
        Unresolved conflict at the oral, anal or phallic stage cause people to over-or under-indulge in that area in adulthood
      - Erik Erikson
        
        He believed that humans develop throughout their lifetime rather than just in childhood.
        
        Believed individual growth depends on society
        
        Believed in identity crisis
        
        This is a time when a teen is extremely self-conscious and engages in a lot of unconsciously started conflicts.
    - - Abraham Maslow
        
        One of the founders of Humanistic Psychology
        
        He developed the Hierarchy of Needs
        
        Basic needs must be met before higher-order needs become important.
        
        Basic Needs
        
        Psychological
        
        Biological requirements for human survival
        
        Safety
        
        Protection
        
        Psychological Needs
        
        Love/Belonging
        
        The need for relationships motivates behavior
        
        Esteem
        
        Esteem for oneself
        
        The desire for respect from others
        
        Self-fulfillment Needs
        
        Self-actualization
        
        The desire to become everything one is capable of becoming
    - - Carl Jung
        
        Told us self-awareness is key to overcoming life's challenges.
        
        He believed analyzing our attitudes, motivations, and responses to challenges allows us to gain a better understanding of our own personalities.
        
        Introversion and Extroversion
        
        Introvert
        
        A person who is reserved, quiet, and thoughtful.
        
        Extrovert
        
        A person who is outgoing and overtly expressive
        
        Ambivert
        
        A person with a mix of extrovert and introvert characteristics
        
        Functional Types
        
        Thinkers
        
        Uses reason
        
        Feelings
        
        Uses emotions
        
        Sensations
        
        Uses the five senses
        
        Intuition
        
        Uses gut reactions
        
        His personality theories are over generalized
- - - - The notion that in a culture, every belief, action, or relationship serves to meet the needs of individuals.
      - The significance of interdependence among all aspects of a social system in ensuring its long-term survival
      - Fulfilling the needs of individuals makes a culture as a whole successful.
    - - Marvin Harris
        
        According to his theory, materials or conditions in the environment influence how culture develops, resulting in the ideas and theories of culture.
        
        He believes that society develops on a trial-and-error basis.
        
        He believed if something is not valuable to a society's ability to produce or reproduce, it will vanish from existence.
    - - The notion that having any “true” knowledge of the world is impossible.
      - Postmodernists
        
        Postmodernists believe that anthropologists cannot study their subjects in a detached or objective manner.
        
        Postmodernists attempt to redefine or dismantle what society says is right.
        
        Postmodernists engage in self-reflection.
    - - The Study of Human Evolution
        
        Paleoanthropologists investigate any human fossils or tools discovered in order to learn more about life in the ancient world.
    - - What makes us human, and what distinguishes humans.
        
        Jane Goodall
        
        The most famous primatologists
        
        Goodall studied chimp societies, and his findings altered how the world viewed humans, monkeys, and the distinction between the two.
        
        He determined that we can assume that if humans and primates have things in common, these things come naturally to humans.
        
        Primates can learn language to interact, so language must be natural to humans
        
        Primates make tools to accomplish tasks, so tools must be natural to humans
        
        Primates form hierarchies and classes, so they too much be natural for humans
        
        Primates have war, hatred, prejudice, but also love, commitment, and family. These must be biological.
        
        Louis Leakey
        
        He was not a primatologist, but he had an impact on the field.
        
        Leakey believed that by studying closely related animals (primates), we could learn about ancient humans
- - - - The study of society as a large interdependent system is known as functionalism.
      - Functionalism examines how all components of a society must work together to ensure the stability and well-being of its members.
    - - Symbolic Interaction is the study of society on a small scale.
      - Symbolic Interaction concentrates on the individual's beliefs and actions as they emerge from daily interactions.
      - Our most important human characteristic is the ability to derive meaning from our interactions with things and people.
    - - Our ability to be productive in order to meet our needs is our most important human characteristic.
      - Within the economy, various groups compete for resources and power.
        
        This creates divisions in social class