Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Pulmonary Edema - Coggle Diagram
Pulmonary Edema
Interventions
Therapy:
Oxygen therapy: To maintain oxygen levels in the blood.
Hyperbaric therapy: Also known as hyperbaric oxygen therapy, is usually recommended for high altitude pulmonary edema.
DX:
Anxiety
Excess fluid volume
Fear
Impaired gas exchange
Ineffective coping
Risk for decreased cardiac perfusion
-
-
-
-
Provide a well-balanced, low sodium diet; restrict fluids if ordered.
Allow the patient to verbalize his feelings and concerns; provide emotional support and explanations in terms that the patient can understand.
-
Pathophysiology
What is pulmonary edema?
Accumulation of fluid in the extravascular spaces of the lung. A common complication of cardiovascular disorders
May be chronic or acute.
Possibly becoming fatal rapidly
Pulmonary edema results from increased pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased colloid osmotic pressure. Normally, the two pressures are in balance.
If pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure increases, the compromised left ventricle needs higher filling pressures to maintain adequate output; these pressures are transmitted to the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary capillary bed.
Fluids and solutes are then forced from the intravascular compartment into the lung interstitium. With fluid overloading the interstitium, some fluid floods peripheral alveoli and impairs gas exchange.
If colloid osmotic pressure decreases, the pulling force that contains intravascular fluids is lost, and nothing opposes the hydrostatic force. Fluid flows freely into the interstitium and alveoli, causing pulmonary edema. (See How pulmonary edema develops.)
What are the types of causes?
- Heart disease or injury
- Smoke or harmful fume inhalation
- Shock
- Multiple Trauma
- Drug overdose
- Pancreatitis
-Hematologic or immunologic disorders
- High altitude (HAPE, pulmonary edema)
- Lung disease or injury
-Lung disease or injury such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
What are the Risk Factors?
- Arrythmias
- Acute myocardial ischemia and infarction
- Diastolic dysfunction
- Fluid Overload
- Impaired pulmonary lymphatic drainage
- inhalation of irritating gases
- left atrial myxoma
- Left-sided heart failure
- Pneumonia
- Pulmonary venous-occlusive disease
- Valvular heart disease
Symptoms:
- Chest pain
- Coughing up frothy sputum
-Difficulty breathing (dyspnea)
-Hemoptysis
- Increased heart rate
- Anxiety
-Excessive sweating
-Dizziness
-Increased breathing rate
Findings
Procedures:
Tracheal intubation: To facilitate ventilation
Suction Catherization: To remove the fluids.
Patient Teachings
Foods to eat: Eat a healthy diet of fruits, whole grains and vegetables.
Foods to avoid:
Foods high in salt content
-Restlessness and anxiety
-Rapid, labored breathing
-Diaphoresis
-Nasal flaring
-Intense, productive cough
-Frothy, bloody sputum
-Intercostal retractions
-Mental status changes
-Jugular vein distention
-Pulsus alternans
-Sweaty, cold, clammy skin
-Wheezing
-Crackles
-S3
-Tachycardia
-Pleural effusion
-Hypotension
-Thready pulse
-Peripheral edema
-Hepatomegaly
Diagonsis:
Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis shows hypoxemia, hypocarbia, or respiratory alkalosis.
-
-
Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels may be decreased secondary to decreased renal perfusion.
Chest X-rays show diffuse haziness of the lung fields, cardiomegaly, and pleural effusion.
Echocardiography reveals cardiac dysfunction.
Medications
Antibiotics: For management of infection. If the cause is infection.
Meds: Penicillin. Cephalosporins
Diuretics: To reduce fluid accumulation. Especially in cardiogenic cause.
Furosemide . Spironolactone
Vasodilators: Dilate blood vessels and take the pressure load off the heart's left ventricle.
Nitroprusside . Morphine
-