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Mind Map CAT, image, image - Coggle Diagram
Mind Map CAT
Chemistry
Elements, Mixtures, Solutions, Compounds
Compounds are substances composed of two or more elements. They look like a pure substance, but they are not, and example would be an alloy.
Elements are a pure substance. Meaning that they can not be separated into any smaller substances. Pure elements only have one kind of particle all through out. An example would be carbon.
Mixtures are two or more substances that are not combine chemically. Meaning that they can be removed physically. An example of a mixture would be trail mix.
Solutions are a mixture that don't appear to be noticeable. You can separate them, but it's not as easy. One of the substances have to be able to dissolve into another substance. An example of a solution would be mouthwash.
Particle Theory of Matter (summary)
Matter is anything that takes up space, and almost all of it can be found in the form of a solid, liquid or gas. Solids are hard, are in a fixed position (can't flow), etc. Liquids are not hard, flow, etc. Gases do not have aa fixed form, can flow, etc.
Everything is made up of particles that always move.
Temperature can affect the physical state of substance. This is separated between the freezing point, melting point, and boiling point.
Physical and Chemical Properties/ changes
Physical Properties:
An aspect on something that can be seen without changing the chemical composition of said thing. For example, weight, volume, colour, etc.
Chemical properties:
A aspect of something that can only be found by changing the chemical composition of something. For example, you might see effects such as it's flammability, reactivity, etc.
Physical/Chemical Changes
Physical Changes:
Crumpling a piece of paper - Breaking a glass - Melting an ice cube - Etc
Chemical Changes:
Cooking an egg - Baking a cake - Iron rusting - etc
Clues to a Chemical Change
Temperature change 2. Taste or smell change 3. Change of volume 4. Change of colour 5. Gas bubbles
Metals/Non-Metals/Metalloids
Metals - Known for their properties commonly used in manufacturing, metals are solid, shiny, malleable, and ductile. Examples include gold, copper, iron, mercury, etc. They loose electrons easily.
Non-Metals - To put simply, a non-metal has characteristics that are the complete opposite to a metal. They are poor conductors, brittle, aren't malleable or ductile, etc. Examples include oxygen, carbon, sulfur, etc. They tend to gain electrons.
Metalloids - Metalloids are like a mix between metal or non-metals, or in the sense that they carry mixed properties. Examples of metalloids include arsenic, silicon, boron, etc.
Families of the Periodic Table
Noble Gases - They are found in group 18. They are also known to be very stable due to having 8 electrons in their outer shell.
Alkaline Metals - They are similar to metals except for the fact that they are very, very reactive. They take place in group 2.
Transition Metals - from group 3 - 12 is where the transition metals take up. They are good conductors, and are malleable and ductile. They have valence electrons in more than one shell.
Alkali Metals - This is group one of the periodic table. These elements do not occur on their own in nature and are very reactive. They are also good conductors, soft (compared to metals), malleable and ductile, etc. They all have one electron in their outer shell ad they usually loose it.
Non-Metals - These can be found between group 14-16 and are pretty much the opposite to metals. Not being able to conduct well, are brittle, and have no metallic shine.
Halogens - These can be found in group 17. It includes 5 non-metallic elements and they have 7 outer electrons.
Rare Earth Elements - Found in the 3rd group on period 6 to 7 do these elements sit. These include the lanthanides and the acinides.
Metalloids - They are found between metals and non-metals. They are similar to both metals and non-metals carrying properties from both.
Other Metals - These can be found in group 13-15. They are malleable and ductile, solid, opaque, and have a valence electrons only in their outer shells. They are different from transition metals.
Atomic Number and Atomic Mass
Atomic Number - The atomic number indicates the amount of protons within the nucleus of an atom as apart of an element.
Atomic Mass - The total mass of an atom. It is mainly focused on the weight of neutrons and protons, since electrons are lighter.
Ionic and Covalent Bonds
Covalent Bonds - Formed when two atoms end up sharing electron pairs. An equal trade. Higher ionization potential means valence electrons can't leave, so they share electrons instead. Similar electronegativities = covalent bond. (Source - same book)
Ionic Bonds - They are the attraction between negative and positive ions within compounds. Ionization potential = key. Greater electronegativity is important (Source - A book I read in grade 8)
How are Ions Formed
Pretty simple, since we know that an ion is a positively or negatively charged ion, than all you would need is a proton or electron imbalance. Example, Positively charged ion = extra protons. Negatively charged ions = extra electrons.
Trends in the Periodic Table
Possibly explained to the right?
Important Figures in Chemistry
Dmitri Mendeleev - The original creator of the periodic table 2. Democritus/Aristotle/John Dalton/J.J. Thomson/Ernest Rutherford/James Chadwick/Niels Bohr - All key players in developing the atomic theory to the point where it is today
Ecology
Primary. secondary, tertiary, producers, and decomposers.
Primary consumers are creatures that feed off of producers, they are usually eaten by secondary and tertiary consumers and examples include certain species of beetles, small birds (hummingbirds for example), squirrels, etc. They are usually herbivores
Producers are creatures that produce their own food typically using photosynthesis, however this is not their only method. Typically, producers are eaten by primary consumers and include plants, bacteria, etc.
Secondary consumers are creatures that typically eat primary consumers for their energy. They are typically eaten by tertiary creatures. Examples include snakes, frogs, etc. They are typically carnivores but can be omnivores.
Tertiary consumers are (for the sake of convenience) at the general top of food pyramids. They typically eat secondary consumers and no living thing goes after them naturally (so long as they're still alive). Examples of tertiary consumers include foxes, bears, hawks, etc. They can be omnivores, but are typically carnivores
Decomposers are technically the very to of food chains, since they will eat anything that is considered waste.
Biotic and Abiotic Factors (examples)
Biotic factors:
Biotic factors are any living thing within an ecosystem
Insects, bacteria, animals, fish, humans, Plants, flowers, trees, etc. These are all examples of biotic factors.
Things that are considered to be biotic factor rely mainly on the abiotic factors in order to survive.
Abiotic Factors:
Abiotic factors are anything that isn't alive (excluding dead creatures and such).
Water, sunlight, humidity, temperature, air, minerals, soil, precipitation, altitude, wind, etc. These are all examples of abiotic factors
Abiotic factors are independent.
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Photosynthesis:
Plants, bacteria (situational), and algae are the living things capable of photosynthesis.
The process in which energy from the sun is converted into chemical energy and is stored in the form of glucose (a form of sugar).
Photosynthesis takes in water, energy from the sun, and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is released and glucose is created.
Cellular respiration:
Every living creature does this
Chemical energy is released in order to produce energy
Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen. In the end carbon dioxide is released, and water is an output.
Food Chains VS Food Webs
A food web outlines all of the food chains within an ecosystem.
Food chains outline what eats what.
Carrying capacity;
Carrying capacity is the average max limit of how much species can live within a certain environment. If the carrying capacity is pushed beyond, than that creature will continue to die until it is below the carrying capacity line. If they're under the line, the their population will keep on growing.
Biodiversity:
Biodiversity is a very simple term, to be put, biodiversity is the amount of species and the total amount of said species within a region or ecosystem. Essentially, the variety.
Human Impacts on the Environment:
Pollution is something that we can be blamed for mainly. Pollution hurts every living thing, including us. Pollution can lead to destroyed habitats, harmed species, loss of food, air pollution, and even death for many creature or uninhabitability
Climate change is a big one. Climate change has ben messing up migration patterns, heating up areas, disrupting ecosystems natural balance, etc.
Housing and city development is harming environments and is putting many ecosystems and creatures at risk. Due to either a lack of a certain food source, habitat loss, and linking back to the one on top of this; pollution.
Other harmful impacts include resource stripping (cutting down trees, mining out areas, etc) and erosion (deforestation, affected soil, etc).
Invasive species:
Invasive species to put simply are species that come in to new locations; areas they have never been in before.
Most of the time, invasive species can throw off ecosystems and sometimes even kill off certain species. Anyways, my point being is that they're typically harmful.
An example in Canada would be the Japanese beetle, which are notorious for stripping the leaves of plants completely. Which kills them and can seriously harm farms where they need to grow this stuff in part for their salary.
Endangered species:
Endangered species are any kind of s-species whose population is at dangerously low level, or could be due to a certain factor. An example of an endangered species includes the leatherback turtle, which is endangered due to resource harvesting when its on it's migration pattern outwards.
Other endangered species in Canada include Atlantic whitefish, caribou, greater Prairie-chicken (extradited), etc.
Biogeochemical Cycles
Space is a bit limited here, so I'll have to be brief. The biogeochemical cycle is the cycle of which nutrients ae run through ecosystems and through the world of things non-living.
Electricity
:
Static and Current Electricity (differences)
Static Electricity:
Electricity that is built and accumulated on the surface of something.
It can be presumed that static electricity can be produced in both conductor's and insulator's
Produced through friction which causes and imbalance in the electricity, it doesn't give off a magnetic field and does not exist for a long time.
Examples of static electricity include lightning, post dryer clothes (without fabric softeners), carpets, etc.
Current Electricity:
Is caused by the flow of electrons from a source
It can be presumed that current electricity can only be produced in an conductor
Produced because of the movement of electrons, it gives off an magnetic field and lasts for a long time.
Examples of current electricity include turning on a light, starting your car, using a cell phone, etc.
Conductors and Insulators (summary)
Insulators are not great at conducting electricity (or heat). Examples of insulators include wood, rubber, paper, etc. They do not allow electrons to flow easily and have a strong grip on the electrons. They have a high electrical resistence. Insulators are used in areas such as wrapping around wires, most notably.
Conductors are great at conducting electricity (and heat). Many metals are especially great at this, such as irons, copper, etc. They allow the flow of electrons easily from one another and have a loose grip. They have low electrical resistance. Conductors are used in areas such as in conducting electricity, notably.
How is Energy Created and Brought to my Home
Energy is created in many ways, such as wind, water, fossil fuels, nuclear, etc. This energy is then brought through to transformers in order to increase the voltage of the current load of electricity. Through there, they are then brought to transmission lines where they travel through until they reach an electrical sub-station. They take the energy and move it onto smaller distribution lines and after a few extra steps (more transformers) it eventually travels to your house and is attached to the service panel, from that i finally travels through other wires inside of your house and to the electronics inside.
Alternative Forms of Energy
Solar Power - No pollution is created from solar panels, energy from solar panels are renewable, they're efficient. However, they need the sun to work, and they are also really expensive to build.
Hydroelectric Power - Electricity can be generated constantly, no waste produced, and is reusable. However, they're expensive to build, and lots of area is required to build one.
Wind Energy - Produces no pollution that can affect the environment, and is technically renewable. However, wind is needed for them to work, can be costly, and can affect scenery (not that important).
Geothermal Energy - It is typically self-sufficient, and are usually small and don't take up much space or affect landscape. It can also produce pollution if not handled correctly, and usually it requires you to drill into the earth, which isn't too great either.
Types of Circuits
Series Circuit:
In series circuits, there is a single pathway for the current. All components have a similar current running through them.
Look above
Parallel Circuit:
A circuit in which the loads are stationed upon other branches. There are multiple pathways. In parallel circuits, the potential difference is consistent.
Limitations forced me to use online photos
Current, Potential Difference, and Resistance
Potential Difference - The difference within an electrical circuit of the charge between the segments, the symbol used to describe this is volts (V).
Current - A current to put simply is the rate of which electrons move past a section within a circuit. The symbols used to describe current is an amp.
Resistance - An amount of obstruction a conductor gives to a current, the strength determines the electrical resistance. The unit used to measure resistance is ohms
