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Atrophy & Hypertrophy, (EA) - etiological agent / cause
(P) -…
Atrophy & Hypertrophy
atrophy
pathological atrophy
disuse atrophy
(EA) when the organ is not used for a prolong period of time
- eg. skeletal muscle
- due to limb injuries, factutred
(P) injury on the limb > fractured > limb is immobilized > (untreated) limb is immobilized to promote healing > not use of limb bcs pain and loss of function > skeletal muscle cells atrophied
- adaptive response to reduce the activity/ workload
- reversible : if muscular activity is applied, and healing of the fractured limb, the atrophied cells will return to normal size
(L)
- individual hypereosinophilic muscle fibers reduce diameter, surrounded by clear space
- myofibers are rounded to angular with hypereosinophilic sarcoplasm
- compressed angular myofibers with crowded nuclei
- hyalinized myofibers, split or fragmented myofibers, and myofibers with central nuclei, variation of size.
(F) lameness, cachexia, vascular insufficiency, growth disturbances
denervation atrophy
(EA) injury on the motor nerve, (automobile accidents, viral infection, toxins)
(P) injury on the limb > denervation happens due to the injury > prevents skeletal movement > leads to disuse atrophy bcs lack of muscular activity
- mostly related to disuse atrophy
- occurs alongside of skeletal muscle atrophy (disuse atrophy)
(L)
- compressed angular myofibers with crowded nuclei
- hyalinized myofibers
- split or fragmented myofibers
- myofibers with central nuclei
serous atrophy
-
(P) fat from adipose tissue are mobilsed to the liver by the blood to produce energy, usually energy derived from skeletal muscle proteins
(L) fat cells atrophied, grossly clear appeared clear or yellowish, jelly like gelatinous at sites of fat deposits
- deposits usually at: around kidney, renal pelvis, epicardial, atrioventricular junction of the heart, omental and mesenteric fat.
- usually develops in chronic disease
- animals was in good body condition prior to the atrophy or death
(FC) anorexia, intestinal malabsorption, tumor
Pressure atrophy
-
(P) space occupying lesions > impart pressure on the surrounding cells causing atrophy > atrophy > cells reduce in size > reduction in number of cells > can lead to degeneration and necrosis
(P) blockage of urine outflow >backflow of urine > accumulation of urine in renal pelvis > formation of calculus in urethra > increased in intrarenal pressure > pressure atrophy on renal cortex and medullar cells > degeneration > necrosis
physiological atrophy
- happens in the following of parturition
- physiological atrophy of the mammary glands endometrium, vaginal epithelium
- during menopause when the ovary secretes less estrogen
definition:
Atrophy
- decreased in size of a tissue or organ due to cellular shrinkage (cellular size)
- caused by the loss of organelles, cytoplasm and protein.
Hypertrophy:
- increased in size of an organ due to increased size of cells
- due to increased workload or functional demand
-
hypertrophy
adaptive response
hypertrophy due to toxins
- chemcial, toxins
- myopathic disorders
- neuropathic disorders
(L) - due to toxins
- myofibers can expand twice the normal diameters
- contain more than one nucleus
- undergo longitudinal splitting
- exhibit bizarre cytoarchitectural alterations, such as clefting and whorling. In these instances, individual hypertrophic myofibers are often interspersed among atrophic ones.
hypertrophy of mucosal layer in small intestines
- abnormal mass > instestinal obstruction > hypertrophy
- intestinal malpositioned > causes obstruction > difficulties in peristalsis > hypertrophy > increase peristaltic function
hypertrophy on urinary bladder
- obstructions (abnormal mass, calculi and etc) > difficulties to push the urinne out againts the obstructed urethra > hypertorphy
compensatory response
-
hypertrophy of kidney
kidney atrophy of one kidney / absent > the other kidney undergoes hypertrophy to compensate the function of the other kidney
bcs increase workload, to fulfilled functional need of the body
hypertrophy of heart, left ventricle
stenosis(narrowing of aortic valve > vulvular insufficiency > hypertrophy bcs ventricles has to work harder to pump blood when the vlave is abnormal > promotes in functional capacity to maintain capacity to maintain cardiac output by becoming more thckend or enlarged.
physiological response
- working animals
- due to frequent exercise
- carrying load
- carrying plough land for crop plantation
-
(L)
- large hypertrophic fibers
(FC) - bulky, muscular body
(working police dogs, horses, working cattle/ buffalo)
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