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CHAPTER 3 FUNDAMENTAL OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE GROUP MEMBERS ( ZECHARIAH …

- - - - Types classified as numeric types support all of the algebraic functions.
        
        Numeric data include all types of numbers.
        
        The subtypes of numerical data include
        
        Integer (eg;5,297 or -37)
        
        Real Numbers (eg: 89.365)
    - - Non-numeric types are types for which there is no numeric value and that cannot be assigned into a numeric type.
        
        The subtypes of non-numeric data include
        
        Character (eg;all single digit numbers, letters, special characters)
        
        String (more than one character is put together)
        
        Logical (TRUE & FALSE)
  - - - In computing, data is information that has been translated into a form that is more convenient to move or process.
        
        They go into the computer as input and are processed to produce output.
  - - - Variables are named memory locations that have types
        
        A symbol or name that stands for a value. For example, in the expression :
        x+y
        
        x and y are variables. Variables can represent numeric values, characters, character strings, or memory addresses
      - Global
        
        global variable is a variable declared in the main body of the source code, outside all functions
      - Local
        
        local variable is one declared within the body of a function or a block
    - - Defined constants (#define)
        
        FORMAT : #define identifier value
      - Declared constants (const)
        
        With the const prefix you can declare constants with a specific type in the same way as you would do with a variable:
        
        const char grade = ‘A';
        
        const int pathwidth = 100;
      - Reserved Words
        
        In a computer language, a reserved word (also known as a reserved identifier)
  - - - For example:
        int a;
        float mynumber;
  - - - But you may want a variable to store a concrete value at the same moment that it is declared.
    - - type identifier = initial_value ;
        
        float salary = 450.50;
- - - - ADDITION
        
        EXAMPLE ( 2 + 3 ) result = 5
    - - SUBTRACTION
        
        EXAMPLE ( 5 -3 ) result = 2
    - - MULTIPLICATION
        
        EXAMPLE ( 4 * 2 ) result = 2
    - - DIVISION
        
        EXAMPLE ( 10 / 2.0 ) result = 5
    - - Modulo Reduction (Remainder from integer division)
        
        EXAMPLE ( 5 % 2 ) result = 1
    - - Also called math hierarchy
        
        Determine exactly how C computes formulas
      - Order of evaluation (precedence)Hierarchy of operation
        
        ( )
        
        Parenthesis
        
        Evaluated first. If the parenthesis are nested, the expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level” (i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right
        
        *, /, or %
        
        Multiplication, Division, Modulus
        
        Evaluated second. If they several, they are evaluated left to right
        
        or -
        
        Addition, Subtraction
        
        Evaluated last, If they several, they are evaluated left to right
    - - Used to override the order of precedence
        
        Sometimes parentheses is must exist in expression.
  - - - Relational expressions are usually used in decision making statements such as if, while and for statements to decide the course of action of a running program
        
        Used to compare DATA
  - - - Logical AND
        
        T && T = T
        
        T && F = F
        
        F && T =F
        
        F && F =F
    - - Logical OR
        
        T || T =T
        
        T || F =T
        
        F || T =T
        
        F || F =F
    - - Logical NOT
        
        !T =F
        
        !F =T
  - - - example ( a=5; )
    - - Combination of math operators and assignment
- - - - There are 3 types of repetition:
        
        for
        
        while
        
        do..while.
      - for
        
        allows execution of the same code a number of times.
        
        The for loop is most convenient with counting loops -- i.e. loops that are based on a counting variable, usually a known number of iterations.
      - Format: for
        
        Where
        
        initializeVariable -initializes the loop variable.
        
        loopCondition - compares the loop variable to some limit value.
        
        incrementVariable - updates the loop
        
        How it works!!
        
        The initializeVariable runs once, at the start of the loop
        
        The loopCondition is checked. If it's false, quit. If it's true, then:
        
        Run the loop body (statements)
        
        Run the incrementVariable Go back to the loopCondition step and repeat
        
        1 more item...
        
        CODING
        
        4 more items...
        
        PSEUDO CODE
        
        1 more item...
- - - - is a statement or block of statements that is repeated as long as some condition is satisfied.
        
        while loop has the format:
        
        The statements inside the while loop are executed as long as the expression evaluates to true.
        
        do while
        
        statements inside a do-while loop are executed several times as long as the condition is satisfied
        
        do-while loop has the form:
        
        The main difference between a while and do-while loop - the statements inside a do-while loop are executed at least once.
        
        coding
        
        include <iostream.h>
        
        void main()
        
        {
        
        5 more items...
        
        }
        
        pseudo code
        
        9 more items...
    - - include <iostream.h>
        
        void main()
        
        {
        
        int nNombor, nGandaan, nBil=1;
        
        cout<<"Masukkan suatu nombor: ";
        
        cin>>nNombor;
        
        while(nBil<=12)
        
        {
        
        nGandaan = nBil * nNombor;
        
        cout<<nBil <<" x " <<nNombor <<" = " <<nGandaan <<endl;
        
        nBil++;
        
        }
        
        }
    - - Start
        
        Input suatu nombor (nNombor)
        
        nBil=1;
        
        while (nBil<=12)
        
        {
        
        nGandaan = nBil * nNombor;
        
        Print nBil x nNombor=nGandaan;
        
        nBil++;
        
        }
        
        End
        
        example
        
        Instruction:
        
        Prepare the flowchart and pseudo code for the following problem
        
        Problem Statement:
        
        Write a program to calculate the average of 5 numbers.
        
        PSEUDO CODE
        
        FOR
        
        START
        
        1 more item...
        
        For (bil=0; bil<5; bil++)
        
        Input Nom;
        
        Jum = Jum + Nom;
        
        Endfor
        
        Avg = Jum/5;
        
        Output Avg;
        
        END
        
        WHILE
        
        START
        
        3 more items...
        
        Endwhile
        
        Avg = Jum/5
        
        Output Avg
        
        END
        
        DO WHILE
        
        START
        
        2 more items...
        
        Do {
        
        3 more items...
        
        } While (bil < 5)
        
        Avg = Jum / 5
        
        Output Avg
        
        END
    - - Start
      - Input suatu nombor (nNombor)
      - nBil=1;
      - do
      - {
        
        nGandaan = nBil * nNombor;
      - Print nBil x nNombor=nGandaan nBil++;
      - }while (nBil<=12)
      - End
      - for
        
        For (initialCondition; loopCondition; iterativeStatement)
        
        block of statement
        
        Endfor
        
        while
        
        while (condition)
        
        block of statement
        
        endwhile
        
        do while
        
        od
        
        Block of
        
        statement
        
        while (condition)
- - - - Used to make decision based on condition
      - executes an indicated action only when the condition is true. In this case, if the condition is false, statement1 is skipped (not executed)
    - - Action based on TRUE or FALSE condition
      - statements specifies separate action to be executed when the condition is true and when the condition is false. In this case, if the expression is false, statement2 is executed
    - - Use nested if statements to implement decisions based on multiple conditions.Use nested if statements to implement decisions based on multiple conditions.
    - - The keyword break must be included at the end of each case statement. The default clause is optional, and is executed if the cases are not met.
      - Rules for switch statements:
        
         Values for case must be integer or character constants
        
         The order of the case statements is unimportant
        
         The default clause may occur first (convention places it last)
        
         You cannot use expressions or ranges